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- The effects of a nonlinear pedagogy training program in the technical-tactical behaviour of youth futsal playersPublication . Pizarro, David; Práxedes, Alba; Travassos, Bruno; Villar, Fernando Del; Moreno, AlbertoThe aim of this study was to analyse the effect of an intervention program, based on nonlinear pedagogy, on the decisionmaking and execution of different actions in futsal. The intervention program consisted of 12 training sessions. A quasiexperimental study was developed with eight male futsal players (M¼15.375, SD¼0.517). The GPET instrument was used to analyse the decision-making and execution of 3442 actions measured during competitive matches (pass, dribbling and shooting). Both variables were analysed with regard to the three tactical principles of attack: keep the ball possession, progression towards the goal and shooting at goal with the lowest level of opposition. With respect to the pass, results showed significantly higher values in decision-making and execution in the first and second principles, but not in the third one. In the dribbling action, results showed significantly higher values in decision-making in the second and third principle, but not in the first one. However, no significant differences were found in the shooting actions. These findings suggest that coaches should take into account in the task design, the tactical principles of play to develop tactical behaviour of youth futsal players.
- Level of opposition constrains offensive performance in consecutive game situationsPublication . Práxedes, Alba; Pizarro, David; Travassos, Bruno; Domínguez, Miguel; Moreno, AlbertoBackground: In the last few decades, Nonlinear Pedagogy (NLP) has emerged with the goal to promote a holistic approach through the use of Small-Sided Games (SSG), to optimize specific tactical defensive and offensive behaviours of players. These SSG are designed through the manipulation of relevant task constraints. Specifically, the balance on the number of outfield players is a constraint that has been recently studied because it can change players’ behaviour. However, most of the studies in this domain have only analysed the acute effects of the manipulation of different SSG without any idea about the implications for learning or to improve the transfer between practice tasks to the context of performance. Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to understand the effect of the use of a task of numerical superiority in attack (5 vs 4; NS) before a task of equal number of player in comparison with the use of only two numerical equality (5 vs 5; NE) tasks. A second objective was to examine this effect according to the game principles: keep the ball possession and progress to the goal. Method: Twenty footballers (U14 yrs), grouped in teams of five players, participated in this study. Each team performed two different sequences of SSG (NS + NE and NE + NE) and in two different conditions regarding the game principle. 2176 actions were analysed. Decisionmaking was measured through the GPET instrument. Also, it was assessed the duration of ball possession and the number of ball touches through a hand notation analysis system. Results: Results show a tendency to decrease the offensive performance in the sequence (NS + NE). However, if we compare both initial situations, significant higher values were observed in the situation with NS. In addition, regarding the two final situations, there are hardly any differences between them. Conclusion: This study highlighted some key pedagogical principles of the constraints-led approach for designing training environment in team games. Coaches in formative stages should promote unequal game situations with superiority number of players in attack, to facilitate the decision-making and develop the technical skills thanks to a greater participation and a greater duration of ball possession. As learning progresses, coaches should design equal situations to facilitate an adaptation to the real game and promote long-term adaptations on players’ performance. Finally, the game principle is another constraint to take into account since it promotes variability and boosts the discovery and exploration of players’ movement solutions.
- How Informational Constraints for Decision-Making on Passing, Dribbling and Shooting Change With the Manipulation of Small-Sided Games Changes in FutsalPublication . Pizarro, David; Práxedes, Alba; Travassos, Bruno; Gonçalves, Bruno; Moreno, AlbertoIn this study, we explored how manipulating floaters’ positions in small-sided futsal games (SSGs) promote changes in the informational constraints that support decision-making (DM) for passing, dribbling and shooting tactics. We made changes in four experimental 3 vs 3 small-sided game conditions with 30 male futsal players (U19 age category): (a) Floaters Off (FO), (b) Final Line Floaters (FLF), (c) Lateral Floaters own field sideline (LFofsl) and (d) Lateral Floaters full field sideline (LFffsl). We assessed players’ activity with WIMU PRO™ software during the SSGs, using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET) to analyze a total of 1,635 decisions. DM for dribbling was generally based on the interpersonal distance between the ball carrier and direct opponent, considering the defensive team length and the offensive team area. Shooting decisions were constrained, by certain attacking-defending teams’ spatial-temporal relations with regard to playing space and team balance as affected by manipulating floaters’ positions. The coaches’ decisions to change the floaters’ positions during SSGs may change informational variables sustaining the dribbling decision, but no changes in SSG variables affected passing DM.
- Floaters as coach’s joker? Effects of the floaters positioning in 3vs3 small-sided games in futsalPublication . Pizarro, David; Práxedes, Alba; Travassos, Bruno; Gonçalves, Bruno; Moreno, AlbertoThe aim of this study was to analyse the effects of floater positioning within futsal Gk+3vs3+Gk SSGs on youth players’ tactical and physical performance. An independent measure approach under four experimental conditions was carried out: Floaters Off (FO), Goal Line Floaters (GLF), Lateral Floaters own court sidelines (LFocsl) and Lateral Floaters full court sidelines (LFfcsl). Thirty male futsal players (U19 age category) participated in the study. Players’ activity was assessed using WIMU PROTM and heart rate (HR) was recorded by HR monitors during the SSGs. Results showed significant differences in the physical variables (ρ ≤ 0.05), not finding such differences in the tactical variables analysed. However, significant differences were observed in relation to the spatial occupation areas. GLF is related to higher distance and speed variables, being the most demanding SSG; in LFocsl, lower HR values were obtained, and FO is linked to the acceleration and deceleration variables, being an indicator of futsal performance. These findings should be considered for the design of futsal training tasks, according to the context (team, players . . .) and time of the week and the season, since they allow the development of the variables described by optimising training time with the ball.
- How the Number of Players and Floaters’ Positioning Changes the Offensive Performance during Futsal Small-Sided and Conditioned GamesPublication . Pizarro, David; Práxedes, Alba; Travassos, Bruno; Gonçalves, Bruno; Moreno, AlbertoThis study aims to analyse the effects of floater positioning within futsal Gk + 3vs3 + Gk and Gk + 2vs2 + Gk small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG) on youth offensive performance on an action per minute per player basis. Three experimental conditions were carried out through the manipulation of floater positioning: floaters off (FO), final line floaters (FLF) and lateral floaters (LF). Thirty male futsal players (U19 age category) participated in the study and played once within each situation in a random order on different days. Offensive performance based on “action per minute per player” was analysed through indirect and external systematic observation. Results showed significant differences between both SSCGs (2vs2 and 3vs3). Specifically, according to the game principles analysed, 3vs3 is associated with higher values of passing and dribbling action to progress towards the goal without beating a defensive line (moderate to large effect size), while 2vs2 is associated with higher values of passing and dribbling actions that beating a defensive line (moderate to very large effect size). In addition, 2vs2 is associated with dribbling and shooting actions to shoot at goal with the lowest level of opposition (moderate effect size). Indeed, whilst the 2vs2 game format seems to promote more 1vs1 situations, the 3vs3 game format encourages more ball possession and collective tactical behaviours. Thus, training tasks intended to improve dribbling and shooting actions should use a smaller number of players whereas tasks intended to improve passing actions for ball possession should include a higher number of players with or without floaters. It seems that the number of players can influence the tactical behaviour of the team. These findings should be considered for the design of futsal training tasks, according to the main objective of the training session. For example, if the coach aims to promote the number of dribbles and shots within a SSCG, 2vs2 SSCG situations should be prioritised.