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Abstract(s)
Este estudo tem como objetivo aferir a influência do contexto no comportamento estratégico,
inovador e empreendedor, tendo em conta uma perspetiva de género. Assim, considerando as
perceções de viabilidade e de desejo da intenção empreendedora dos empreendedores de
empresas do setor agroalimentar da região de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (TMAD), pretendese
aferir qual o seu grau de embeddedness (familiar, estrutural e cultural), qual o
comportamento da orientação empreendedora individual (OEI), incluindo as dimensões
emergentes da paixão e perseverança, qual o comportamento inovador e de que forma estas
são preditoras nas perceções da viabilidade e de desejo como antecedentes da atividade
empreendedora. Esta investigação é constituída por cinco estudos empíricos fundamentada
numa perspetiva de género, enquadrando-se, essencialmente, na área do empreendedorismo
feminino, no setor agroalimentar da região de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro.
O primeiro estudo (Capítulo II), intitulado Um olhar sobre o Empreendedorismo Feminino nos
últimos 40 anos: Mapeando redes no conhecimento tem como objetivo explorar a literatura
científica existente sobre a área de empreendedorismo feminino, procurando aferir como este
campo de investigação está organizado em termos de publicações, autores e periódicos/ fontes,
bem como mapear as redes de conhecimento através da análise de citações e co-citações.
Pretende, ainda, efetuar um mapeamento de redes no conhecimento através da discussão de
como a literatura representa desafios para o estudo sobre as mulheres empreendedoras, ou
seja, a partir do conhecimento adquirido com o estudo bibliométrico, quais as oportunidades
de investigação que se apresentam nesta área. Os artigos obtidos da pesquisa efetuada foram
submetidos a uma análise bibliométrica utilizando o software VOSViewer e TreeCloud. Os
resultados obtidos da análise de co-citações de documentos revelam três clusters: Cluster 1 -
perfil empreendedor; Cluster 2 - identidade de género e conceptualização de teorias; Cluster
3 - contexto no processo empreendedor. Ao estudar o perfil de citação dos documentos
referentes ao tema em estudo, pretendemos contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do fluxo
de produção e práticas científicas nesta estimulante área de investigação, que se encontra na
sua fase de infância.
O segundo estudo (Capítulo III), intitulado Operacionalização e validação da OEI incluindo duas
novas dimensões – a paixão e a perseverança: perspetiva de género no setor agroalimentar tem
como objetivo operacionalizar e validar uma escala para estudos quantitativos das dimensões
emergentes da Orientação Empreendedora Individual (OEI) (paixão e perseverança),
fundamentada numa perspetiva de género, para o setor agroalimentar, podendo ser replicada,
posteriormente, a outros setores de atividades e noutros contextos. O instrumento de medida
da OEI foi desenvolvido, validado e testado em 153 empresas do setor agroalimentar da região de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, criadas nos últimos 5 anos. Os itens para a escala foram
baseados nas definições das três dimensões core de orientação empreendedora apresentadas
por Miller (1983) com a inclusão de duas dimensões emergentes. Para a análise final das
dimensões e itens da OEI recorreu-se à utilização da análise fatorial confirmatória tendo esta
resultado num modelo ajustado e com fiabilidade para a totalidade das cinco dimensões
propostas. De referir que este estudo é de interesse para aqueles que consideram necessária a
investigação em diferentes níveis de análise, pois explicita a interação entre os conceitos pouco
explorados de paixão empreendedora e perseverança com a orientação empreendedora
individual (OEI), destacando que as características individuais, da paixão e da perseverança,
têm implicações para os empreendedores, influenciando a gestão da empresa ao nível da
orientação empreendedora.
O Capítulo IV contempla dois estudos, o estudo 3a e o estudo 3b. O estudo 3a intitula-se
Operacionalização e validação da escala do comportamento inovador para empreendedores:
perspetiva de género no setor agroalimentar e tem como objetivo adaptar, operacionalizar e
validar uma escala para estudos quantitativos do comportamento inovador para
empreendedores, fundamentada numa perspetiva de género, do setor agroalimentar, podendo
ser replicada, posteriormente, a outros setores de atividades e noutros contextos. O
instrumento de medida do comportamento inovador para empreendedores foi adaptado,
validado e testado em 153 empresas do setor agroalimentar da região de Trás-os-Montes e Alto
Douro, criadas nos últimos 5 anos. Os itens para a escala foram adaptados da escala com 6
dimensões do comportamento inovador para colaboradores de Lukeš e Stephan (2017). Para a
análise final das dimensões e itens do comportamento inovador recorreu-se à utilização da
análise fatorial confirmatória.
O estudo 3b intitula-se A influência do embeddedness no empreendedorismo, inovação e
estratégia: uma perspetiva de género no setor agroalimentar e tem como objetivo identificar
os antecedentes da atividade empreendedora no setor agroalimentar da região da Trás-os-
Montes e Alto Douro (TMAD) tendo em consideração uma perspetiva de género. O instrumento
de medida foi aplicado em 153 empresas do setor agroalimentar, criadas nos últimos 5 anos.
Foi conceptualizado um modelo central, onde se apresentam as relações entre os constructos
referentes ao embeddedness, à OEI e à Intenção Empreendedora (IE), tendo sido
posteriormente adicionadas três variáveis de controlo, o meio envolvente, o comportamento
inovador e o género. Recorreu-se a técnicas estatísticas uni e multivariadas, como modelação
de equações estruturais para a avaliação do modelo conceptual proposto. No que concerne aos
resultados aferimos que as dimensões do embeddedness (cultural, estrutural e familiar), da
OEI, da IE, nas perceções de viabilidade e desejabilidade da IE, são preditoras da atividade
empreendedora e que o género impacta na OEI, comportamento inovador e IE, e que o meio
influencia o embeddedness nos empreendedores, numa região predominantemente rural. Este
estudo é de interesse para aqueles que consideram necessária a investigação em diferentes
níveis de análise, pois explicita, valida e testa a escala do comportamento inovador para empreendedores e do embeddedness que poderão ser aplicadas em estudos empíricos noutros
contextos. Em termos teóricos possibilita a compreensão de como fatores socioeconómicos mais
amplos, estruturais, culturais e familiares, promovem o processo empreendedor. Contribui
ainda para a identificação de problemáticas associadas ao género por forma a que se definam
e emanem políticas integradoras e estratégias que promovam a igualdade de género e que
evitem a segregação e a estratificação inerentes ao ser mulher.
O quarto estudo (Capítulo V), intitulado A influência do embeddedness nos antecedentes
empreendedores como preditores das medidas de sucesso em mulheres empreendedoras, tem
como objetivo identificar os antecedentes da atividade empreendedora no setor agroalimentar
da região de TMAD, tendo em consideração uma perspetiva de género. Neste sentido, propomonos
efetuar um estudo qualitativo, através da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas em
profundidade com 3 mulheres empreendedoras de sucesso e de referência no setor
agroalimentar. Neste sentido, podemos aferir que as mulheres empreendedoras de sucesso do
setor agroalimentar se encontram embedded no meio que as circunda, sendo este facto
promotor da sua competência, das suas motivações, do seu perfil inovador que muito
contribuem para o desenvolvimento socioeconómico da região. Este estudo permitiu, também,
encontrar a especificidade nos relatos das mulheres, promovendo a confirmação das teorias
existentes e dos modelos propostos em estudos anteriores.
This study aims to assess the influence of context on strategic, innovative and entrepreneurial behavior, taking into account a gender perspective. Thus, considering the feasibility and desire perceptions of the entrepreneurial intention of the entrepreneurs of companies in the agri-food sector of the Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro region (TMAD), it is intended to assess their degree of embeddedness (familiar, structural and cultural), what is the behavior of the individual entrepreneurial orientation (OEI), including the emergent dimensions of passion and perseverance, what is the innovative behavior and how are these predictors in the perceptions of viability and desire as antecedents of entrepreneurial activity. This research is made up of five empirical studies based on a gender perspective, essentially focusing on the area of female entrepreneurship in the agri-food sector in the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. This research is made up of five empirical studies based on a gender perspective, essentially in the area of female entrepreneurship, in the agri-food sector of the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. The first study (Chapter II), entitled A look back over the past 40 years of female entrepreneurship: mapping knowledge networks sought to explore the existing academic literature on female entrepreneurship to assess how this field of research is organized in terms of publications, authors, and periodicals and/or sources. In addition, the research focused on mapping knowledge networks through citation and co-citation analysis and identifying natural clusters of the main keywords used. The study also examined the challenges (i.e., opportunities and difficulties) the literature reveals for the study of female entrepreneurship. That is, the knowledge gained from the bibliometric study was used to identify what research opportunities are present in this area. The articles gathered in the search were submitted to a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and TreeCloud software. The results obtained from the analysis of document citations reveal three clusters: (1) entrepreneurial profile, (2) gender identity and theoretical conceptualizations, and (3) the entrepreneurial process context. By studying the articles’ citation profile, this study’s findings contribute to a better understanding of the flow of production and research-related practices in this stimulating area of research, which is still in its infancy phase. The second study (Chapter III), entitled Operationalization and validation of the IEO including two new dimensions - passion and perseverance: gender perspective in the agri-food sector, aims to operationalize and validate a scale for quantitative studies of the emerging dimensions of the Individual Entrepreneurial Guidance (OEI) (passion and perseverance), based on a gender perspective, for the agri-food sector, and can be subsequently replicated to other sectors of activities and in other contexts. The IEO measuring instrument was developed, validated and tested in 153 agri-food companies in the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, created in the last 5 years. The items for the scale were based on the definitions of the three core dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation presented by Miller (1983) with the inclusion of two emergent dimensions. For the final analysis of the IEO dimensions and items, we used the confirmatory factorial analysis and this result was an adjusted and reliable model for all five dimensions proposed. It should be noted that this study is of interest to those who consider it necessary to research at different levels of analysis, since it explicitly explains the interaction between the little explored concepts of entrepreneurial passion and perseverance with the individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO), emphasizing that individual characteristics, passion and perseverance, have implications for entrepreneurs, influencing the management of the company at the level of entrepreneurship. Chapter IV covers two studies, study 3a and study 3b. Study 3a is entitled Operationalization and validation of the scale of innovative behavior for entrepreneurs: gender perspective in the agri-food sector and aims to adapt, operationalize and validate a scale for quantitative studies of innovative behavior for entrepreneurs, based on a gender perspective, of the agrifood sector, and can be replicated later to other sectors of activity and in other contexts. The instrument for measuring innovative behavior for entrepreneurs was adapted, validated and tested in 233 agri-food companies in the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, created in the last 5 years. The items for the scale were adapted from the 6-dimensional scale of innovative behavior for Lukeš and Stephan (2017) collaborators. For the final analysis of the dimensions and items of the innovative behavior we used the use of the confirmatory factorial analysis. Study 3b is entitled The influence of embeddedness on entrepreneurship, innovation and strategy: a gender perspective in the agri-food sector and the purpose of this study is to identify the antecedents of the entrepreneurial activity in the agri-food sector of the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (TMAD) taking into account a gender perspective. The measurement instrument was applied to 153 agri-food companies, created in the last 5 years. A central model was conceptualized, where the relationships between the constructs related to embeddedness, IEO and Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) were presented, and three control variables, the environment, the innovative behavior and the gender, were added later. We used uni and multivariate statistical techniques, such as modeling structural equations for the evaluation of the proposed conceptual model. As far as the results are concerned, we can see that the dimensions of embeddedness (cultural, structural and familiar), EI, perceptions of viability and desirability of IE are predictive of entrepreneurial activity and that gender impacts on IEO, EI, and that the medium influences embeddedness in entrepreneurs, in a predominantly rural region. This study is of interest to those who deem necessary research at different levels of analysis because it explicitly validates and tests the scale of innovative behavior for entrepreneurs and embeddedness that can be applied in empirical studies in other contexts. In theoretical terms it makes possible the understanding of how socioeconomic factors, such as structural, cultural and family, promote the entrepreneurial process. It also contributes to the identification of issues associated with gender in order to define and emanate integrative policies and strategies that promote gender equality and avoid the segregation and stratification inherent in being a woman. The fourth study (Chapter V), entitled The influence of embeddedness on entrepreneurial antecedents as predictors of success measures in entrepreneurial women aims to identify the antecedents of the entrepreneurial activity in the agri-food sector of the TMAD region, taking into account a gender perspective. In this sense, we propose to carry out a qualitative study, through the realization of semi-structured interviews with three successful entrepreneurs and reference women in the agri-food sector. In this sense, we can see that successful women entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector are embedded in the environment that surrounds them, and this fact promotes their competence, their motivations, and their innovative profile that greatly contribute to the socio-economic development of the region. This study also allowed us to find specificity in women's reports, promoting the confirmation of existing theories and models proposed in previous studies.
This study aims to assess the influence of context on strategic, innovative and entrepreneurial behavior, taking into account a gender perspective. Thus, considering the feasibility and desire perceptions of the entrepreneurial intention of the entrepreneurs of companies in the agri-food sector of the Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro region (TMAD), it is intended to assess their degree of embeddedness (familiar, structural and cultural), what is the behavior of the individual entrepreneurial orientation (OEI), including the emergent dimensions of passion and perseverance, what is the innovative behavior and how are these predictors in the perceptions of viability and desire as antecedents of entrepreneurial activity. This research is made up of five empirical studies based on a gender perspective, essentially focusing on the area of female entrepreneurship in the agri-food sector in the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. This research is made up of five empirical studies based on a gender perspective, essentially in the area of female entrepreneurship, in the agri-food sector of the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. The first study (Chapter II), entitled A look back over the past 40 years of female entrepreneurship: mapping knowledge networks sought to explore the existing academic literature on female entrepreneurship to assess how this field of research is organized in terms of publications, authors, and periodicals and/or sources. In addition, the research focused on mapping knowledge networks through citation and co-citation analysis and identifying natural clusters of the main keywords used. The study also examined the challenges (i.e., opportunities and difficulties) the literature reveals for the study of female entrepreneurship. That is, the knowledge gained from the bibliometric study was used to identify what research opportunities are present in this area. The articles gathered in the search were submitted to a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and TreeCloud software. The results obtained from the analysis of document citations reveal three clusters: (1) entrepreneurial profile, (2) gender identity and theoretical conceptualizations, and (3) the entrepreneurial process context. By studying the articles’ citation profile, this study’s findings contribute to a better understanding of the flow of production and research-related practices in this stimulating area of research, which is still in its infancy phase. The second study (Chapter III), entitled Operationalization and validation of the IEO including two new dimensions - passion and perseverance: gender perspective in the agri-food sector, aims to operationalize and validate a scale for quantitative studies of the emerging dimensions of the Individual Entrepreneurial Guidance (OEI) (passion and perseverance), based on a gender perspective, for the agri-food sector, and can be subsequently replicated to other sectors of activities and in other contexts. The IEO measuring instrument was developed, validated and tested in 153 agri-food companies in the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, created in the last 5 years. The items for the scale were based on the definitions of the three core dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation presented by Miller (1983) with the inclusion of two emergent dimensions. For the final analysis of the IEO dimensions and items, we used the confirmatory factorial analysis and this result was an adjusted and reliable model for all five dimensions proposed. It should be noted that this study is of interest to those who consider it necessary to research at different levels of analysis, since it explicitly explains the interaction between the little explored concepts of entrepreneurial passion and perseverance with the individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO), emphasizing that individual characteristics, passion and perseverance, have implications for entrepreneurs, influencing the management of the company at the level of entrepreneurship. Chapter IV covers two studies, study 3a and study 3b. Study 3a is entitled Operationalization and validation of the scale of innovative behavior for entrepreneurs: gender perspective in the agri-food sector and aims to adapt, operationalize and validate a scale for quantitative studies of innovative behavior for entrepreneurs, based on a gender perspective, of the agrifood sector, and can be replicated later to other sectors of activity and in other contexts. The instrument for measuring innovative behavior for entrepreneurs was adapted, validated and tested in 233 agri-food companies in the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, created in the last 5 years. The items for the scale were adapted from the 6-dimensional scale of innovative behavior for Lukeš and Stephan (2017) collaborators. For the final analysis of the dimensions and items of the innovative behavior we used the use of the confirmatory factorial analysis. Study 3b is entitled The influence of embeddedness on entrepreneurship, innovation and strategy: a gender perspective in the agri-food sector and the purpose of this study is to identify the antecedents of the entrepreneurial activity in the agri-food sector of the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (TMAD) taking into account a gender perspective. The measurement instrument was applied to 153 agri-food companies, created in the last 5 years. A central model was conceptualized, where the relationships between the constructs related to embeddedness, IEO and Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) were presented, and three control variables, the environment, the innovative behavior and the gender, were added later. We used uni and multivariate statistical techniques, such as modeling structural equations for the evaluation of the proposed conceptual model. As far as the results are concerned, we can see that the dimensions of embeddedness (cultural, structural and familiar), EI, perceptions of viability and desirability of IE are predictive of entrepreneurial activity and that gender impacts on IEO, EI, and that the medium influences embeddedness in entrepreneurs, in a predominantly rural region. This study is of interest to those who deem necessary research at different levels of analysis because it explicitly validates and tests the scale of innovative behavior for entrepreneurs and embeddedness that can be applied in empirical studies in other contexts. In theoretical terms it makes possible the understanding of how socioeconomic factors, such as structural, cultural and family, promote the entrepreneurial process. It also contributes to the identification of issues associated with gender in order to define and emanate integrative policies and strategies that promote gender equality and avoid the segregation and stratification inherent in being a woman. The fourth study (Chapter V), entitled The influence of embeddedness on entrepreneurial antecedents as predictors of success measures in entrepreneurial women aims to identify the antecedents of the entrepreneurial activity in the agri-food sector of the TMAD region, taking into account a gender perspective. In this sense, we propose to carry out a qualitative study, through the realization of semi-structured interviews with three successful entrepreneurs and reference women in the agri-food sector. In this sense, we can see that successful women entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector are embedded in the environment that surrounds them, and this fact promotes their competence, their motivations, and their innovative profile that greatly contribute to the socio-economic development of the region. This study also allowed us to find specificity in women's reports, promoting the confirmation of existing theories and models proposed in previous studies.
Description
Keywords
Empreendedorismo feminino - Motivações - Setor agroalimentar - Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Empreendedorismo feminino - Orientação empreendedora individual - Setor agroalimentar - Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Empreendedorismo feminino - Mulheres empreendedoras - Setor agroalimentar - Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro