Browsing by Author "Valente, Joana Filipa Abreu Pereira"
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- Affinity purification and delivery of a p53-encoding plasmid DNA for gene mediated cancer therapyPublication . Valente, Joana Filipa Abreu Pereira; Sousa, Fani Pereira deCancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In order to treat this scourge, gene therapy and DNA vaccination have been proposed as an alternative to the common treatments. Among the several gene abnormalities that could be responsible for the oncogenic process, the ones presented in p53 stands up. p53 is one of the most important tumour suppressor gene being considered the “genome guardian” since when occurs exposure to stressful stimuli it is activated through post-transcriptional modifications increasing its stability and activity. This gene is directly and indirectly implicated in different cellular functions, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest in G1/S and apoptosis. Several studies shown that transfection of cancer cells with wild-type p53-expressing plasmids could directly drive cells into apoptosis and/or growth arrest, suggesting that a gene therapy approach for cancer treatment can be related to the re-establishment of the normal p53 function. Recently, the supercoiled (sc) conformation of a p53-encoding plasmid proved to be more efficient in cell transfection and protein expression than open circular conformation. Aiming to successfully isolate this bioactive isoform, several chromatographic techniques have been used, namely amino acids-based affinity chromatography. Concerning this chromatographic approach, in this doctoral work different amino acids like, Lmethionine, L-tyrosine, and arginine, were used to isolate the sc p53 encoding plasmid. From this work, it was achieved a better recovery yield and purity levels for O-Phospho-L-tyrosine when compared with L-methionine agarose matrix. Regarding the macroporous arginine resin, it was possible to recover the sc p53 encoding pDNA with high purity, and an increase of more than 50% in the dynamic binding capacity was achieved, when comparing with their homologous commercial agarose matrix. To understand the activity and the therapeutic effect induced by this sc isoform, different cell lines (HeLa, A549 and human dermal fibroblasts) were transfected with the pDNA purified either by the affinity purification strategy or with a commercial kit, for further in vitro evaluation. In particular, the cytotoxicity, the expression of the p53 transgene and the resulting apoptotic effect were evaluated in these in vitro cancer models. The results brought relevant information concerning the potential application of a sc p53 encoding plasmid in cancer gene therapy. To eliminate different cancer types, treatments must be applied systematically and therefore, must be targeted to cancer cells. Concerning this and, to enable an easy and safe systemic therapy, stable and non-viral gene vectors have been developed to encapsulate and deliver foreign genetic materials in specific cell types, such as cancerous cells. The use of non-viral vectors usually promotes low immune response, they are easily prepared, have a low production cost and also, they can be easily produced at large scale. Other important characteristic about these vectors is the ability to transfer different and large transgenes being also able to be stored for long periods due to their stability. Regarding this, in this doctoral work, chitosan (CH) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were complexed with different plasmids in order to search for the suitable non-viral nanocomplex combination to be applied for gene therapy. Through the obtained results it was found that p53-encoding pDNA/PEI polyplexes demonstrate some toxicity in normal cells which could be a handicap for future therapeutic application of this nanocarriers. Also, from the track of the nanocarriers inside the cells, it was achieved a better transfection efficiency for the carriers delivering the smaller pDNA. The ability of the polyplexes to promote P53 protein expression was also evaluated using HeLa cancer cells and an increase of 54.2% and 32% of the P53 levels was achieved when CH and PEI nanocarriers were respectively applied. Overall, the scientific work performed in this thesis hopes to lead the scientific community to give more and more relevance to the use of the supercoiled pDNA isoform for gene therapy involving the reestablishment and restoration of the levels of p53. Moreover, it has been shown that the use of chromatography using specific amino acid ligands is a crucial factor in the final quality of the recovered sc pDNA sample, being this a predominant parameter for the accomplishment of the desired therapeutic results. Finally, the effort in the search and development of suitable non-viral vectors should stand up since it can guarantee the stability and activity of the sc p53 encoding plasmid during the delivery process.