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- Sports development environment in swimming clubs: a preliminary study on Portuguese swimmers’ perceptionsPublication . Costa, Aldo M.; Grazina, C.; Miragaia, D. A. M.; Crisóstomo, Luís; Carvalho, Pedro Guedes deO objetivo central do artigo foi analisar as perceções dos nadadores Portugueses sobre o seu contexto de desenvolvimento desportivo. Foram estudadas as perceções de 207 nadadores Portugueses de nível nacional (juniores e séniores), homens e mulheres, provenientes de 28 clubes de natação. Os nadadores foram diferenciados em três grupos de acordo com o nível desportivo médio do clube. Foi aplicada uma versão adaptada do Talent Development Environment Questionnaire for Sport (TDEQ), o qual, estatisticamente, demonstrou uma confiabilidade excelente (> .8) ou satisfatória (> .6) em cinco dos sete fatores. Contudo as comunalidades associadas a cada variável apresentam bastante variabilidade (entre 0.04 e 0.768). Quanto às perceções dos nadadores inquiridos, os dados sugerem que a qualidade do contexto de desenvolvimento desportivo não parece ser significativamente distinto entre os 28 clubes de natação Portugueses envolvidos em divisões desportivas distintas.
- Cortisol, testosterone and mood state variation during an official female football competitionPublication . Casanova, Natalina; Oliveira, Ana Cristina Palmeira de; Pereira, Ana; Crisóstomo, Luís; Travassos, Bruno; Costa, Aldo M.Aim: Endogenous hormones are essential on the control of physiological reactions and adaptations during sport performance. This study aims to compare the mood state and the salivary levels of cortisol and testosterone during an official female association football tournament. Methods: Twenty female football players (22.85 ± 4.2 yrs) from the Portuguese women’s national team were included in the study. Mood, salivary cortisol and testosterone levels were examined in five moments over the championship (M1, neutral measures; M2-M5, on every match day). Saliva samples were collected before breakfast and immediately after each match. Mood was measured by the profile of mood states questionnaire (POMS); hormone levels were measure by immunoassay methods. Results: Iceberg Profiles of POMS were observed during all the moments of evaluation (M2-M5), showing a decrease in vigor and an increase in tension and depression in both team defeats (M2 and M5). There is no relationship between the hormones levels and the outcome of the competition, once cortisol and testosterone decrease from pre-match to post-match in both wins (M2 and M5) and defeats (M3 and M4). For testosterone the observed decrease is significantly different (p<0.05) before and after all matches. Conclusion: Our results show a pattern in mood states behavior. Cortisol and testosterone decrease after match and throughout the tournament, independently of the match outcome. The absence of hormone flutuations related to competiton performance points out that top-level professional football players training systematically and regularly seem to be very well adapted to competition stress effect.