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- Betão estrutural de agregados leves de resistência normal e alta: dos estudos laboratoriais à produção no local - Caso de estudoPublication . Nepomuceno, Miguel; Bernardo, Luís; Pinto, HugoNeste artigo descreve-se um estudo experimental que se desenvolveu em duas fases, compreendendo, na primeira fase, o estudo e a produção laboratorial de betões estruturais de agregados leves de argila expandida com classes de densidade seca entre 1,8 e 2,0 de acordo com a EN 206-1 e quatro classes distintas de resistência à compressão compreendidas entre os 20 MPa e os 65 MPa e, na segunda fase, a produção e aplicação do betão em condições semelhantes às de um estaleiro de pré-fabricação na betonagem de 26 vigas de betão armado com secção retangular e diversas taxas de armadura de flexão. Com esse objetivo foram estudadas e produzidas em laboratório quatro séries de betão: a Série 1 (20 a 25 MPa), a Série 2 (40 a 45 MPa), a Série 3 (50 a 55 MPa) e a Série 4 (60 a 65 MPa). Para a produção dos betões foram selecionados os cimentos CEM II/B-L32,5N e CEM I 42,5R, duas adições de microssílica, uma adição de fíler calcário, um superplastificante, uma areia natural rolada, dois agregados grossos de granito britado e um agregado leve de argila expandida com máxima dimensão de 12,7 mm. Os betões produzidos podem ser designados de “sand-lightweight concrete” de acordo com o ACI 318, uma vez que apenas se usou areia natural como agregado fino. A metodologia adotada para o estudo da composição baseou-se no método das curvas de referência, nomeadamente aquelas propostas por Faury, correntemente usadas em Portugal para o betão vibrado. Neste artigo são descritos os materiais selecionados, são apresentadas as composições estudadas, o processo de produção e curas dos betões, os resultados obtidos nos ensaios no estado fresco e endurecido e são ainda discutidos alguns parâmetros relevantes para a análise efetuada no âmbito do presente estudo, nomeadamente as correlações entre a resistência à compressão, a razão água-ligante e a massa volúmica. É ainda comparada a variabilidade dos resultados entre os betões produzidos em laboratório e em estaleiro de pré-fabricação. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que é possível produzir satisfatoriamente betões estruturais de agregados leves de elevada resistência em estaleiro de pré-fabricação com distribuição homogénea, sem segregação, mesmo para aplicações estruturais em vigas de betão armado.
- Neutral Axis Depth versus Ductility and Plastic Rotation Capacity on Bending in Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete BeamsPublication . Bernardo, Luís; Nepomuceno, Miguel; Pinto, HugoThis article presents an experimental study on the evolution of the neutral axis depth at failure in the critical section with the flexural ductility and plastic rotation capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) lightweight-aggregate concrete (LWAC) beams. For this, the results of a previous experimental program involving RC LWAC beams tested in flexure until failure are used. The variable studies were the concrete compressive strength (between 22.0 and 60.4 MPa and dry density between 1651 and 1953 kg/m3) and the longitudinal tensile reinforcement ratio (between 0.13% and 2.69%). The flexural ductility and the plastic rotation capacity of the RC LWAC beams are characterized by a ductility index and a plastic trend parameter, respectively. The influence of the variable studies, as well as the relation of the flexural ductility and plastic rotation capacity with the values for the neutral axis depth at failure are analyzed and discussed. Some conclusions are drawn which can be useful for the design of RC LWAC beams for flexure. In particular, it is shown that the practical rule of limiting the neutral axis depth at failure to ensure ductile behavior, as used in normal-weight aggregate concrete beams, is also valid for RC LWAC beams.
- Plastic rotation capacity of lightweight-aggregate concrete beamsPublication . Bernardo, Luís; Nepomuceno, Miguel; Pinto, HugoThis article describes a study on the plastic behaviour of lightweight-aggregate concrete beams. The experimental results of nineteen simply supported beams previously tested by the authors were used in this study. The experimental plastic rotation capacity of the tested beams was characterized by a parameter called Plastic Trend Parameter (PTP). The main variables studied were the concrete compressive strength and the longitudinal tensile reinforcement ratio. It was found that plastic rotation capacity slightly increases as the concrete compressive strength increases. An appropriate range for the longitudinal tensile reinforcement ratio to ensure plastic rotation capacity is proposed. The results of this study were also compared with the requirements from some codes of practice. From this analysis, it was shown that ACI Code requirements give more guaranties as far as plastic rotation capacity is concerned, when compared with European codes.
- Avaliação experimental da ductilidade à flexão de vigas de betão de agregados levesPublication . Pinto, Hugo; Bernardo, Luís; Nepomuceno, MiguelO presente artigo descreve um estudo experimental que teve por objetivo avaliar a ductilidade à flexão de vigas de betão armado produzidas com betão de agregados leves de argila expandida com resistências à compressão entre os 20 e os 60 MPa e massas volúmicas secas de 1650 a 1950 kg/m3. No total foram ensaiadas até à rotura dezanove vigas de 2,6 metros de comprimento e secção transversal retangular média de 0,15 m x 0,30 m, com diferentes taxas de armadura longitudinal de tração. As vigas foram simplesmente apoiadas perto das extremidades e sujeitas a duas cargas concentradas idênticas, simetricamente distribuídas a terços de vão. A zona central das vigas (entre as cargas aplicadas) encontrava-se sob flexão pura e, para prevenir a rotura por corte na zona perto dos apoios, foram colocados estribos em quantidade suficiente, deixando livre a zona central. A ductilidade foi avaliada através da definição de índices de ductilidade. As variáveis principais neste estudo foram a resistência à compressão do betão de agregados leves e a taxa de armadura longitudinal de tração. Neste estudo é apresentada uma análise comparativa entre as vigas produzidas em termos de ductilidade à flexão. O estudo evidenciou que, de entre as duas variáveis analisadas, aquela que mostrou maior influência na ductilidade foi a taxa de armadura longitudinal de tração. Foi também possível observar uma ordem de grandeza para o limite máximo de taxa de armadura longitudinal compatível com um comportamento dúctil à flexão das vigas analisadas.
- Flexural ductility of lightweight-aggregate concrete beamsPublication . Bernardo, Luís; Nepomuceno, Miguel; Pinto, HugoThis paper describes an experimental study on the flexural ductility of lightweight-aggregate concrete beams including concretes with compressive strengths between 22.0 and 60.4 MPa and dry densities between 1651 and 1953 kg/m3. Nineteen simply supported beams were tested until failure. Two symmetrical concentrated loads were applied at approximately one third of the span. Ductility was studied by defining ductility indexes. The main variables are the concrete compressive strength and the longitudinal tensile reinforcement ratio. It is shown that the parameter with higher influence on ductility is the longitudinal tensile reinforcement ratio. The test results are also compared with the requirements from some codes of practice. It is shown that ACI Code requirements give more guaranties as far as ductility is concerned, when compared with European codes.
- Experimental evaluation of the potential use of waste recycled concrete fine aggregates to produce self-compacting concretePublication . Pinto, Hugo; Nepomuceno, Miguel; Bernardo, Luís; Oliveira, Luiz Pereira deThe current concern with sustainability in the construction sector has led to the adoption of processes to minimise the impact on the environment. The use of recycled concrete aggregates in self-compacting concrete (SCC), as an alternative to natural aggregates, seems to be a solution with great potential. However, it is common knowledge that the use of recycled aggregates in the production of SCC instead of natural aggregates may causes changes in some of its properties, both in the fresh and hardened state, and that the magnitude of those changes will depend on the percentages of incorporation and the nature of recycled aggregates. When using the mix design methodology proposed by Nepomuceno et al, SCC is assumed to be consisted basically of two phases, namely, the liquid phase (mortar phase) and the solid phase (coarse aggregates), being the main SCC properties controlled by the mortar phase. In this perspective, this research work reports the results obtained when testing mortars with flow properties appropriate to produce SCC, when binary and ternary blends of powder materials were used and natural fine aggregates were partially replaced by recycled concrete fine aggregates. The experimental program carried out involved, in a first stage, the production and testing of 11 binary mortar mixtures suitable for the production of SCC, with replacement percentages of natural fine aggregate by recycled concrete fine aggregate varying from 0% (reference mixture) to 50%, in 5% increments. Subsequently, 6 ternary mortar mixtures were produced and tested for the same purpose, with replacement percentages of natural fine aggregate by recycled concrete fine aggregate varying from 0% (reference mixture) to 50%, in 10% increments. Binary mortars included Portland cement type I 42.5R and limestone powder, while ternary mortars included Portland cement type I 42.5R, limestone powder and fly ash. In both cases, the dosages of superplasticizer and mixing water were determined experimentally to obtain the required fresh properties suitable to produce SCC. The results indicate that the 28 days age compressive strength and density of the mortars decrease with the increase in the percentage of incorporation of recycled concrete fine aggregates, regardless of whether they are mortars with binary or ternary blends of powders. In binary mixtures, the mixing water dosage increases with the percentage of incorporation of recycled aggregates, while in ternary mixtures the opposite occurs, at least up to a percentage of 40% of incorporation of recycled aggregates. The superplasticizer dosages, necessary to obtain the appropriate flow properties, were always higher in the ternary mixtures compared to the binary mixtures, even comparing only the reference mixtures. It can be concluded that mortars with the incorporation of recycled concrete fine aggregates constitute a viable material with potential for use in the construction industry, provided that the necessary adjustments to its performance are considered, thus contributing to the sustainability of construction.