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- Longitudinal changes in force production of young competitive swimmers: assessment tools for training control and optimizationPublication . Santos, Catarina Maria Simões da Costa; Marinho, Daniel Almeida; Costa, Mário Jorge de OliveiraThe general purpose of this thesis was to analyze the changes in force production of young competitive swimmers during a full competitive season and over a detraining period. Simultaneously, there was an attempt to understand if a two-hand pressure system is a suitable tool to be used for monitoring in-water forces in swimmers from this age cohort. To support this, specific purposes were defined according to the following sequence: (i) to systematically review the available literature focusing on the human propulsive forces in swimming; (ii) to verify the reliability of a pressure sensors system; (iii) to understand if the system impairs the swimming mechanics and efficiency; (iv) to perform an agreement between available methods that measure in-water forces; (v) to determine the changes in force production of young swimmers during a competitive season; (vi) to understand how a detraining period affects in-water forces according to different maturity status. Main results suggest that: (i) there is a scarce number of studies dealing with long-term changes in-water forces of young swimmers, and the methods used for that purpose were little explored; (ii) a two-hand pressure sensors system showed to be reliable to measure in-water forces during front-crawl swimming; (iii) the system did not induced any mechanical or efficiency constraints; (iv) a correction factor is needed to compare the in-water forces obtained by different methods; (v) a full competitive season seems to promote improvements in force production along with an increase in asymmetric motion; and (vi) in-water forces seems to remain unchanged even with a six-weeks of training cessation.