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- Diffusion of the Laser Radiation to Characterise the Paper Fibre Orientation and the Paper Sheet FormationPublication . Pereira, Mário; Fiadeiro, Paulo; Brardo, FranciscoThis work concerns the determination of fiber orientation in the paper sheet and possibly the mass density distribution. Both parameters strongly influence the quality of the paper for end uses in printing and converting. The measurement of such parameters is done using different approaches, most commonly indirectly from the determination of the paper's physical properties. The measurement and analysis of the microscopic features of the paper sheet structure, using optical methods based on the laser radiation retro-diffusion and transmission, are the main aims of this work. The proposed method only uses laser light scattered by retro-diffusion from the paper surfaces for surface analysis and the laser light transmitted through the paper for analysis in the bulk. The system can analyze through a scanning procedure point-by-point, one paper sheet to produce a map of both paper surfaces with the selected results.
- Convergence insufficiency and accommodative insufficiency in childrenPublication . Nunes, Amélia; Monteiro, Pedro; Brardo, Francisco M.; Nunes, AntónioPurpose: Convergence and accommodative insufficiency represent the main cause of complaints during close visual work and can reduce visual performance and comfort. Knowing their prevalence among schoolchildren is fundamental to define strategies for action. The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency of these conditions in children in 5th and 6th school years in inland Portugal and to assess the impact that each visual condition has on their quality of life, based on the level of visual symptoms. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out with children enrolled in the 5th and 6th school years. 372 children (192 girls) were assessed, with average ages of 10.9 ± 0.9 years. Refractive error and binocular vision assessment, integrating accommodative parameters, were used to analyse the visual condition. Symptoms were quantified using the Portuguese version of the CISS (Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey). Results: The prevalence of definite Convergence Insufficiency (CI) in the children assessed was 2%. A prevalence of 6,8% could be considered if clinically significant CI (high suspect and definite categories) cases are accounted. In relation to Accommodative Insufficiency (AI), a frequency rate of 10% was recorded, with 3% of the evaluated children presenting AI and CI simultaneously. The symptoms score was higher in AI than in CI. Conclusions: A frequency of approximately 10% was found for each one of the visual syndromes, and it was verified that visual discomfort is common among teenagers who carry these conditions. In cases of asthenopia, such as headaches and loss of concentration, associated with near vision activities, there is a requirement to evaluate the quality of binocular vision.
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Adults With AmblyopiaPublication . Tuna, Ana Rita; Pinto, Nuno; Brardo, Francisco M.; Fernandes, Andresa; Nunes, Amélia; Patto, Maria Da Assunção VazThrough transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) it is possible to change cortical excitability of the visual cortex, and to influence binocular balance. The main goal of our study is to assess the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation, specifically theta burst stimulation (TBS), in a group of amblyopic volunteers measuring several visual parameters: visual acuity, suppressive imbalance, and stereoacuity.