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- The sex bias of cancerPublication . Costa, Ana Raquel; Cruz, Inês; Oliveira, Mariana Lança de; Gonçalves, Isabel; Cascalheira, José; Santos, CeciliaIn cancers of hormone-dependent organs like women breast and reproductive organs, endometrium and ovaries, and men’s prostate and testicular cancer, the roles of sex hormones and deregulation of hormone axes are well-documented. More strikingly, epidemiological data highlights significant differences between sexes in the incidence of various cancers in non-reproductive organs, where the role of sex hormones has been less studied. In an era when personalised medicine is gaining recognition, understanding molecular, cellular and biological differences between men and women is timely for developing more appropriate therapeutic interventions according to gender. In this review we show that sex hormones also shape much of the deregulated cellular and molecular pathways leading to cell proliferation and cancer in nonreproductive organs.