Browsing by Author "Cavalheiro, Eunice Cerdeira Soares"
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- Synthesis of 5-methylene(thio)ureas (thio)barbiturates as potential xanthine oxidase inhibitorsPublication . Cavalheiro, Eunice Cerdeira Soares; Silvestre, Samuel Martins; Moreira, VâniaBarbituric acids have an important role on the development of new drugs due to their various biological effects. Nowadays, these derivatives can be used as sedatives, hypnotics, anticonvulsants and anesthetics. Moreover, they possess antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Most of these pharmacological properties are generally due to different side groups attached on C5 of the pyrimidine ring. By means of their general chemical and physical properties, barbituric acid and its thio-analogue are great precursors for the synthesis of several heterocyclic bioactive compounds. Some studies indicate that barbiturate derivatives can also inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO). This enzyme plays an important role in purines metabolism by transforming hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. As the overproduction of uric acid is linked to gout disease, it is of high interest to inhibit XO. In this context, during the attempts to synthetize pyrimido [4,5-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diones and 7-thione analogues using (thio)barbituric acid and their 1,3-diphenyl and dimethyl analogues, new 5-methylene(thio)urea (thio)barbiturate compounds were prepared by one-pot reaction with ureas or thioureas and trialkyl ortho-formates in acetic acid. 5-(2-Nitro)benzilidene derivatives were synthesised as well. All these precursors were structurally characterized by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 1H, 13C NMR, HMBC and HSQC and MS-analysis. Antioxidant evaluation though the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was performed in all synthesised compounds, however no promising antioxidant activity was revealed. These derivatives were also tested as XO inhibitors, revealing insignificant inhibitory activity towards this enzyme, excepting 1,3-dimethyl-5-[(2-nitrophenyl)methylidene]-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione which revealed 60% of inhibitory activity at 30µM. In addition, a cell proliferation assay in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) through the colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method showed that these derivatives do not have relevant cytotoxic effects.Additionally, it was performed molecular docking studies in order to predict the binding energies and possible interactions with XO enzyme verifying that 5-methylenethiourea thiobarbiturates presented the lowest binding energy among the other synthesised compounds.
- Trisubstituted barbiturates and thiobarbiturates: Synthesis and biological evaluation as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-proliferative agentsPublication . Figueiredo, Joana; Serrano, João L.; Cavalheiro, Eunice Cerdeira Soares; Keurulainen, Leena Maria; Yli-Kauhaluoma, Jari Tapani; Moreira, Vânia M; Ferreira, Susana; Domingues, F.C.; Silvestre, Samuel; Almeida, PauloBarbituric and thiobarbituric acid derivatives have become progressively attractive to medicinal chemists due to their wide range of biological activities. Herein, different series of 1,3,5-trisubstituted barbiturates and thiobarbiturates were prepared in moderate to excellent yields and their activity as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antibacterial agents and as anti-proliferative compounds was evaluated in vitro. Interesting bioactive barbiturates were found namely, 1,3-dimethyl-5-[1-(2-phenylhydrazinyl)ethylidene]pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (6c) and 1,3-dimethyl-5-[1-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)hydrazinyl]ethylidene]pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (6e), which showed concomitant xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect (IC50 values of 24.3 and 27.9 μM, respectively), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC50 values of 18.8 and 23.8 μM, respectively). In addition, 5-[1-(2-phenylhydrazinyl)ethylidene]pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (6d) also revealed DPPH radical scavenger effect, with an IC50 value of 20.4 μM. Moreover, relevant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 13.3 μM) was observed with 5-[[(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)amino]methylene]-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione (7d). Finally, different 5-hydrazinylethylidenepyrimidines revealed antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC values between 12.5 and 25.0 μM) which paves the way for developing new treatments for infections caused by this Gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium, known to be an opportunistic pathogen in humans with high relevance in multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections. The most promising bioactive barbiturates were studied in silico with emphasis on compliance with the Lipinski's rule of five as well as several pharmacokinetics and toxicity parameters.