Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2012-07"
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- Longitudinal interventions in elite swimming: a systematic review based on energetics, biomechanics, and performancePublication . Costa, Mário Jorge; Bragada, José; Marinho, Daniel; Silva, António; Barbosa, Tiago M.Longitudinal information requires the notion of repeated measurements throughout time. Such data is important because it allows the determination of the effectiveness of an intervention program. Research in competitive swimming has given special emphasis to energetics and biomechanics as determinant domains to improve performance. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize longitudinal evidences on the energetic, biomechanical, and performance status of elite swimmers. A computerized search was made in 6 databases, conference proceedings, and department files. The 28 studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Studies' qualitative evaluation was made by 2 independent reviewers using the Quality Index. These studies were then gathered into 3 main categories according to their reported data: energetics (n = 18), biomechanics (n = 9), and performance (n = 8). The conclusions were as follows: (a) elite swimmers are able to demonstrate from slight to substantial changes in their performance and energetic and biomechanical profiles within and between seasons; (b) the magnitude of change is dependent on the characteristics of the training programs, the duration of the intervention, and subject's gender; and (c) future research should emphasize the use of more complex procedures to improve the quality of the interventions.
- Effect of aeration on steady-state conditions in non- and partially aerated low-loaded biofilterPublication . Albuquerque, Antonio; Gonzalez-Martinez, A.; Osorio, FranciscoExcessive growth of biomass and retention of solids associated with air bubbles lead to bed clogging, which affects the biofilters' performance. Two experiments were carried out in a submerged biofilter at the flow velocity of 0.5 m h(-1), for an organic loading rate of 51 g C m(-3) h(-1) and a nitrogen loading rate of 13 g NH4-N m(-3) h(-1), one with the biofilter not aerated, the other with the biofilter partially aerated. The results showed that the higher head losses occurred in the upper section of the biofilter, where there was a greater biomass development and a higher removal of organic carbon, ammonia and solids, with the maximum allowed head loss being reached in 16 and 8 days. In any case, the steady-state conditions were achieved after 2 days and were interrupted on the tenth day of experiment E1 and on the fifth day of experiment E2. This allowed defining different operating cycles that enabled an average organic removal rate of 12.7 g C m(-3) h(-1) (27 %) and an average ammonia removal rate of 1.1 g NH4-N m(-3) h(-1) (9 %) without aeration, and of 35.8 g C m(-3) h(-1) (76 %) and 6.3 g NH4-N m(-3) h(-1) (51 %) with aeration. Regardless of the aeration conditions, more than 90 % of TOC and NH4-N removal occurred in the upper section. After the backwashing cycle, the biofilter returned to steady-state conditions in 6 h (without aeration) and 7 h (with aeration).
- O ‘Conflito das interpretações’ no Discurso Decisivo de AverróisPublication . Rosa, José Maria Silva«Existe livre arbítrio no Islão? Sim. A lei muçulmana pode evoluir? Sim. Existem grandes filósofos no Islão! Sim. Mas quem sabe isso? Muito pouca gente. Porque quem é que, mesmo entre os muçulmanos, conhece a obra de al-Châf'i, o fundador da doutrina sunita, aquela que hoje seguem cerca de noventa por cento dos muçulmanos? Quem leu Avicena e Averróis, os filósofos que permitiram à Europa compreender melhor Aristóteles? Quem sabe que é no Irão que se encontram hoje os pensadores mais modernos e os mais inventivos? Todas as pessoas falam do Islão, mas raros são aqueles que o conhecem. Esta religião tão caluniada permanece um continente cultural a explorar, um universo mental muito mais rico do que aquele que nos dá a sua imagem deformada pelo fundamentalismo. ( .. ) É preciso levantar o véu desta riqueza.»
- Televisão e consumos culturaisPublication . Francisco, Nuno Alexandre de Oliveira Marques; Serra, Joaquim Mateus PauloVer televisão durante horas é uma escolha consciente. E é uma escolha que, tal como outras, implica exclusões. Numa sociedade urbana fortemente condicionada pelo escasso tempo disponível e distintas apetências para consumos ligados à cultura, a televisão ocupa o espaço determinante no campo do lazer, substituindo-se a salas de cinema, de teatro, à leitura de jornais e livros, e intervindo na construção da identidade da pessoa e no processo de socialização. Não porque ofereça tudo o que se pode encontrar noutros locais ou meios, mas porque oferece entretenimento e informação com comodidade e economia. Apesar do grande número de ofertas nos serviços de televisão por cabo, em 2011, os três canais nacionais generalistas de acesso livre - RTP1, SIC e TVI - reúnem ainda cerca de 70 por cento da audiência total em horário nobre, mobilizando milhões de espectadores para as suas propostas que não fogem da perene filosofia das grelhas nacionais em horário nobre: informação, novelas, concursos e reality shows. Estudar a correlação - e em que grau se dá – entre o consumo de televisão e os consumos culturais da população é o objectivo central desta Tese. Para isso, procedeu-se a um inquérito por questionário nas zonas da Grande Lisboa e Cova da Beira. Paralelamente, a investigação debruça-se sobre os hábitos de consumo cultural e de consumo televisivo quotidianos, bem como as alternativas que se colocam em primeiro plano num cenário de omissão de televisão.
- Heterosexuals' attitudes toward same-sex parenting: The case of PortugalPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Rita, Cláudia; Fernandes, Inês; Caldeira, Sara; Pereira, Henrique; Leal, I.During the last decade in Portugal, there have been political changes regarding the rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender individuals, such as the right to marry. However, parenting by same-sex couples is not legally recognized, and there are legal impediments for same-sex parents to adopt a child. The purpose of this study was to assess Portuguese heterosexuals’ attitudes toward same-sex parenting and the reasoning behind them. 993 participants (266 males and 727 females), aged between 18 and 69 years with a mean age of 34, responded to one of three online questionnaires using a quasi-experimental methodology: each questionnaire included a case vignette depicting a heterosexual, a gay, or a lesbian couple wishing to adopt a child. Participants were then asked to evaluate if the couple would be fit to adopt and if they anticipated any social and emotional problems with the child. Results revealed that participants evaluated more favorably the heterosexual couple than did the same-sex couples. Furthermore, participants consistently anticipated more children’s social and emotional problems if they were adopted by a gay or a lesbian couple. Group differences revealed that men evaluated less favorably gay and lesbian couples than women did. Religious affiliation also revealed that catholic people were less favorable toward gay and lesbian adoption than atheist people were. Implications of these findings will be discussed.