Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2013-08"
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- A Double Stage Random Access Scheme for Decentralized Single Radio Cognitive NetworksPublication . Oliveira, Rodolfo; Borges, Luís M.; Velez, Fernando J.This work proposes a new scheme to coordinate the medium access of single-radio unlicensed users in a decentralized cognitive radio network. The proposed solution is based on two different stages. Unlicensed users randomly define the medium access sequence during the first stage and part of the second one. Then the nodes simply transmit their packets according to the reserved sequence. The performance of the proposed scheme is theoretically characterized in terms of the throughput achieved by unlicensed users and validated through simulation. Since a random access mechanism is used in the both stages, we also compare the performance of our proposal with a pure Slotted Aloha access scheme and an improved version of it. By comparing their performance, we conclude that the proposed scheme exhibits significant gains in terms of the throughput achieved by unlicensed users, and it can be recommended as a viable solution for future decentralized single radio cognitive networks.
- Astrophysical and cosmological doomsdaysPublication . Tavakoli, Yaser; Moniz, Paulo Rodrigues Lima Vargas; Bouhmadi Lopez, MariamIn this dissertation we study two well known gravitational scenarios in which singularities may appear. The first scenario can be brought in by the final state of gravitational collapse (the singularity that is found, e.g., inside the event horizon of every black hole or, if no trapped surface is formed, as a naked singularity instead). The second scenario is the one corresponding to singularities that may appear at the late time evolution of the universe. In the context of gravitational collapse, we study a homogeneous spherically symmetric space-time whose matter content includes a scalar field. We investigate a particular class of such space-time, with a tachyon field and a barotropic fluid being present. By making use of the specific kinematical features of the tachyon, which are rather different from a standard scalar field, we establish several types of asymptotic behavior that our matter content induces. Employing a dynamical system analysis, complemented by a thorough numerical study, we find classical solutions corresponding to a naked singularity or a black hole formation. Furthermore, we find a subset where the fluid and tachyon participate in an interesting tracking behaviour, depending on the initial conditions for the energy densities of the tachyon field and barotropic fluid. It seems reasonable that the singularity indicates that the classical theory we use for gravitational collapse (general relativity) cannot be trusted when the space-time curvature becomes very large; quantum effects cannot be ignored. We therefore investigate, in a semiclassical manner, loop quantum gravity (LQG) induced effects on the fate of the classical singularities that arise at the final state of the gravitational collapse. We study the semiclassical interior of a spherically symmetric space-time with a tachyon field and barotropic fluid as matter content. We show how, due to two different types of corrections, namely “inverse triad” and “holonomy”, classical singularities can be removed. By employing an inverse triad correction, we obtain, for a semiclassical description, several classes of analytical as well as numerical solutions. We identify a subset whose behavior corresponds to an outward flux of energy, thus avoiding either a naked singularity or a black hole formation. Within a holonomy correction, we obtain the semiclassical counterpart of our classical solutions for the general relativistic collapse. We show that classical singularity is resolved and replaced by a bounce. By employing a phase space analysis in the semiclassical regime, we find that there is no stable fixed point solution, hence no singular back hole neither naked singularities. In the context of the dark energy cosmology, we study the status of dark energy late time singularities. We employ several models of dark energy to investigate whether they remove or appease the classical singularities. In the first model we consider a Dvali- Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) brane-world model that has infra-red (IR) modifications through an induced gravity term. It models our 4-dimensional world as a Friedmann-Lemaître- Robertson-Walker (FLRW) brane embedded in a Minkowski bulk. A Gauss-Bonnet (GB) term is provided for the bulk action whose higher order curvature terms modify gravity at high energy (with ultra violet (UV) effects). Furthermore, a phantom matter is present on the brane which constitutes the dark energy component of our universe. It is shown that a combination of IR and UV modifications to general relativity replaces a big rip singularity by a sudden singularity at late times. Another model we consider herein to describe the origin of dark energy is the generalised running vacuum energy (GRVE) model. The Friedmann equation of the GRVE model looks much similar to that of a homogeneous and isotropic universe filled with an holographic Ricci dark energy (HRDE) component. We study the late time behaviour of the universe in the presence of these two models for dark energy. Despite the analogy between these two models, it turns out that one of them, a GRVE, is singularity-free in the future while the other, the HRDE, is not. Indeed, a universe filled with an HRDE component can hit, for example, a big rip singularity. We clarify this issue by solving analytically the Friedmann equation for both models and analyzing the role played by the local conservation of the energy density of the different components filling the universe. In addition, we point out that in some particular cases the HRDE, when endowed with a negative cosmological constant and in the absence of an explicit dark matter component, can mimic dark matter and explain the late time cosmic acceleration of the universe through an asymptotically de Sitter universe.
- Improved dynamics and gravitational collapse of tachyon field coupled with a barotropic fluidPublication . Marto, João; Tavakoli, Yaser; Moniz, PauloWe consider a spherically symmetric gravitational collapse of a tachyon field with an inverse square potential, which is coupled with a barotropic fluid. By employing an holonomy correction imported from loop quantum cosmology, we analyse the dynamics of the collapse within a semiclassical description. Using a dynamical system approach, we find that the stable fixed points given by the standard general relativistic setting turn into saddle points in the present context. This provides a new dynamics in contrast to the black hole and naked singularities solutions appearing in the classical model. Our results suggest that classical singularities can be avoided by quantum gravity effects and are replaced by a bounce. By a thorough numerical studies we show that, depending on the barotropic parameter $\gamma$, there exists a class of solutions corresponding to either a fluid or a tachyon dominated regimes. Furthermore, for the case $\gamma \sim 1$, we find an interesting tracking behaviour between the tachyon and the fluid leading to a dust-like collapse. In addition, we show that, there exists a threshold scale which determines when an outward energy flux emerges, as a non-singular black hole is forming, at the corresponding collapse final stages.