Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2018-01-25"
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- Entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship in European countriesPublication . Teixeira, Sergio Jesus; Casteleiro, Carla Maria Lopes; Rodrigues, Ricardo; Guerra, MariaPurpose This study aims to pursue better understanding and investigation of the factor that can have an impact on the level of entrepreneurial activity. To achieve this, statistical analysis was conducted. Indicators from 22 countries of the European Union were reunited to compare the differences between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach To analyse entrepreneurial intentions in Europe, two databases of the Global Databases Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) were used, namely, “GEM NES Key Indicators 2007-2015” and “GEM APS Key Indicators 2001-2015”, available at www.gemconsortium.org/data/sets, considering only the data from 2015 and analysed with IBM SPSS Statistics tool. Each original database includes 60 countries, and this study is limited to an analysis of only countries of the European continent, resulting in a sample of 22 countries. Findings The major determinants of the entrepreneurial intention in the countries studied were: “perceived capacity”; “entrepreneurial intention” itself which will, in fact, influence the “rate of nascent entrepreneurship”; “governmental and political factors” in relation to the respective “financing for the entrepreneur”; and “basic education and training” in entrepreneurship which influences “research and development”. Research limitations/implications This study has few limitations because, as it refers to a European analysis, it would require a more generalized analysis of the factors, such as to include more and better indicators for the demographic, economic and institutional determinants of the entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship in the European countries under study. For future research on the explanation of commercial activity, we must address the methodological problem of distinguishing the effect of business intentions from other determinants, as these also influence entrepreneurial attitudes. Despite the conceptual and empirical limitations, the conclusions of the study imply and provide several recommendations for the future policy of entrepreneurship in Europe. Practical implications In the past decades, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions have gained increasing attention from academics, governments and politicians around the world. It is seen as a critical factor for economic growth and development of a country, as it contributes to the solution of fundamental macroeconomic issues such as increased employment, development of competitiveness, innovation and the creation of economic and social values. Therefore, academics and researchers, governments and politicians are interested in identifying the differences and causes between countries that influence the level of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon associated with business activity in a country. Social implications Results reveal that some of the key determinants of entrepreneurial intention in the European countries are related to policy factors, like “governmental and political factors” and “basic education and training” in entrepreneurship. In this way, the study can help politicians elaborate the policies related to entrepreneurship, implying an increase in entrepreneurial intentions in a country and consequently implications for socio-economic development. Originality/value To achieve the originality of the study, two databases of the GEM of 2015 were used and duly adapted. In this way, the value of the article is very significant, as it is possible to group data from several countries, to test hypotheses and to arrive at very useful conclusions that may be of interest to policymakers at both the European and national levels. The adoption of adequate policies promotes and supports entrepreneurship in the context of the Europe 2020 Strategy, which is the European Union’s growth strategy.
- Exergy Analysis of a Turbofan EnginePublication . Paulo, Diogo Neves Morais; Brojo, Francisco Miguel Ribeiro ProençaIn this thesis, exergetic methodology is applied to a high bypass turbofan engine at cruise flight phase. Exergy analysis is a powerful tool, which has been used in the design, operation, and performance of energy systems by many engineers and researchers. Among its advantages, it is primary used since it allows the determination of the locations, types, and true magnitudes of wastes and destruction of exergy. The engine selected for this analysis, is the CFM56-5A1 turbofan engine. It has two spools and the components that are exergetically evaluated are the fan, low pressure compressor, high pressure compressor, combustion chamber, high pressure turbine and low pressure turbine. In order to perform an exergy analysis, the modelling of the engine has to be performed first, for the cruise mission. It is modelled by using a genuine code in the software Matlab R2015A and was verified and validated by using the software Gasturb 13. Next, the exergy analysis is performed according to the thermodynamic laws. The exergy analysis is carried out by conducting mass, energy and exergy balance of each component of the engine. The figures of merit used to evaluate the engine are as follows: exergy efficiency, improvement potential, relative exergy destruction, fuel depletion rate and productivity lack. The most irreversible component of the engine is found to be the combustion chamber with 9.31 MW. The exergetic efficiencies of the fan, LPC, HPC, CC, HPT and LPT are 92.13%, 95.91%, 97.52%, 76.71%, 90.74%, 90.32%, respectively.