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- Twenty-Five Years of Portuguese Aviation Events at AmadoraPublication . Neves, Fernando M. S. P.; Barata, Jorge M M; Silva, A. R. R.From 1912 to 1938, the Amadora became the central location for several of Portugal's most significant aviation events. After a Kite-Flying Competition (1912), Flying Demonstrations (1913), and the 1st Air Festival in Portugal (1917), in 1919, the village became selected to host the Military Aviation Squadron GEAR - Grupo de Esquadrilhas de Aviação «República.» As WWI ended, Aviation shifted its vision to new dimensions of international civil transport. With their minds set on developing Portuguese Civil Aviation, the GEAR pilots started using military aircraft for civilian flight purposes. Thus, between 1920 and 1936, memorable and significant flights departed from Amadora to the most varied Portuguese territories worldwide; 1) Amadora – Madeira Flight Attempt (1920); 2) First Aerial Raid from Portugal to Macau (1924); 3) Amadora – Guinea (1925); 4) A Trailblazing Flight for Portuguese Overseas Commercial Air Route (1928); 5) Amadora – Portuguese India (1930); 6) Round trip Flight Amadora – Guinea – Angola (1930/31); 7) Aerial Journey from Portugal to East Timor, Macau, India, and Return (1934); and 8) Portuguese Empire Mission Amadora – Angola – Mozambique (1935/36). Furthermore, in 1934 and 1935, Amadora received the two firsts International Air Festivals in Portugal. Finally, after nearly Twenty-Five Years of Portuguese Aviation Events in Amadora, Military Aeronautics ended Amadora's connection to national aviation in 1938, thus dictating the end of the Portuguese Pioneer Flights. Organizational reasons, in addition to the smallness and deficiencies of the dirt runway track, determined the extinction of the Grupo de Aviação de Informação n.º 1 [as the GEAR was renamed], whose personnel and material would be later transferred to Tancos.
- The outset of the Portuguese Military Aeronautics (1912-1917)Publication . Neves, Fernando M. S. P.; Barata, Jorge M M; Silva, A. R. R.The Outset of the Portuguese Military Aeronautics dates back to 1912 when Army and Navy aviation began to be constituted. António José de Almeida, a Portuguese republican politician, in the session of the Chamber of Deputies on June 26, proposed a Draft Law [Bill] and a Supportive Report, both aimed at creating Portuguese Military Aviation. Two months later, the War Ministry appointed a Military Aeronautics Commission to study the creation of a Military Aviation School. Months later, the Commission presented an extensive Official Report outlining the fundamental points for creating an Aeronautical School in Portugal, including its location. After further clarifications, the Minister of War presented a proposal approved in the Chamber of Deputies session on April 22, in the Senate on May 7, drafted a week later, under Law Nº. 162, May 14, 1914. The construction work of the Military Aviation School began on April 5, 1915, in Vila Nova da Rainha. According to the Military Aeronautics Commission report, the first Pilot Aviators should be trained abroad; on August 14, 1915, the Army's Order published a competition for Army and Navy Officers to serve in Aviation. After receiving their diplomas, 11 Officers returned to Portugal to form the initial core of instructors at the newly established School of Military Aeronautics. On September 1, 1916, the Government inaugurated the Military Aeronautics Service and the first Military Aviation School. From November 2, 1916, to May 1917, sixteen candidates were admitted to the first Portuguese Course for Military Aviation Pilots. On September 28, 1917, the School incorporated the Naval Aviation Service. As a result of the Escola de Aeronáutica Militar opening, the Portuguese Government issued Decree Nº 2907 of December 20, 1916, creating symbols and identifiers used by the aeronautical troops in their uniforms.
- History of Aeronautics Engineering Course at UBIPublication . Neves, Fernando M. S. P.; Barata, Jorge M M; Silva, A. R. R.In 1991/92, the University of Beira Interior (UBI) established Portugal's first permanent and official civilian Aeronautics program, a 5-year Licenciatura Degree in Aeronautics Engineering. In addition, a Doctorate Degree in Aeronautics Engineering was established in 1993/94, and a Master's Degree in Aerospace Systems Engineering in 1999/2000. By 2007/08, a European intergovernmental reform (Bologna Process) was implemented to achieve the European Higher Education Area to allow students, graduates, and specialized staff working in higher education to benefit from mobility and equal access to high-quality higher education without obstacles. The essential bases are mutual recognition of degrees, transparency (readable and comparable degrees organized in a 3-Cycle structure), and European quality assurance cooperation, emphasizing competency development over knowledge transmission. The degree system was made official in Portugal by Decree-Law nº. 74/2006. According to the expressed perspective, the reformulation of Aeronautical Engineering Studies at UBI followed the adoption of formal structures, corresponding to 6 Semesters for Licenciatura (180 ECTS = 1st Cycle); 4 Semesters for Master's (120 ECTS = 2nd Cycle), and 6 Semesters for Doctorate (180 ECTS = 3rd Cycle). After its implementation, the requirements to accomplish the reformulation created significant national difficulties leading to successive adaptations exposed in six amendments to Decree-Law nº. 74/2006. A Master's and Doctorate Degree in Portugal legally requires the support of an R&D Unit with a minimum classification of Very Good or Excellent in an evaluation process carried out by foreign experts, with concepts and procedures recognized by the international scientific community. The Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center (AEROG) is a member of the Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transport, and Aeronautics (LAETA). LAETA received an Excellent Overall Quality Grade from the International Evaluation Panel.
- Investigation of Asymmetric Plunging of a NACA0012 AirfoilPublication . Silva, Joana G. S.; Camacho, Emanuel; Silva, A. R. R.Animals and insects have been investigated because of their locomotion form that allows simultaneous thrust and lift production at low Reynolds numbers. The present study focuses on the experimental investigation of a plunging NACA0012 airfoil under asymmetric conditions. Tests are conducted with a Reynolds number of 1x10^4, considering two nondimensional velocities, kh=0.25 and 0.50. Each of these conditions is tested with different levels of asymmetry, depending on the limitations of the experimental apparatus. Flow visualization indicates that asymmetric movements produce both thrust and lift simultaneously and that increasing the asymmetry parameter and the reduced frequency have a similar impact: leading edge vortices to become stronger and are formed earlier. The present study is an earlier work that explores the existent void of experimental data regarding asymmetric conditions of unsteady airfoils.
- A Trailblazing Flight for Portuguese Overseas Commercial Air RoutesPublication . Neves, Fernando M. S. P.; Barata, Jorge M M; Silva, A. R. R.Between September 5 and October 26, 1928, Capt. Pais Ramos, Lieut. João Esteves, Capt. Oliveira Viegas, and Sarg. Manuel Antonio, in the name of Portugal's prestige, devoted themselves to accomplishing a trailblazing exploratory flight sponsored by the Lisbon Commercial Association to demonstrate the feasibility of establishing commercial aviation interconnection among Portugal and its African territories (Guinea, St. Thomas & Prince, Angola, and Mozambique). In the 1920s, confronted with governmental riots and instabilities arising from the turbulent early years of Portugal's Republic and the accumulated repercussions of WWI, Portugal lacked long-term planning for the Overseas expansion of Commercial Aviation. This Journey, entirely planned and devised by prominent naval officers and aviation pioneers, beyond cohesion among the Portuguese Colonial Nation, also contributed to the strategic recovery of the Country's aviation progress and reinforced the reestablishment, recognition, and affirmation of Portugal as a competing power among other countries. The outcome had a significant impact on Mozambique's aviation applicability and development.