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- Business Internationalization: Motivations, Challenges, Resilience, and the Strategic Impact of N-Tuple Helix NetworksPublication . Martins, Rui Manuel Centeno ; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Farinha, Luís Manuel do CarmoThis thesis aims to study the theme of Business internationalization, analyzing the motivations that encourage companies to expand into international markets, as well as the challenges faced that determine the successful or unsuccessful of companies in adapting to the complexities of the international markets and the decisive strategic impact of N-Tuple of Helices collaborative networks in simplifying and improving the internationalization process. In practical terms, by highlighting business internationalization, this research will allow company managers to understand the main motivating factors and challenges faced in this process and identify resilient strategies to overcome global barriers. Furthermore, the study provides insights on how to benefit from N-Tuple of Helices networks in strengthening partnerships, promoting innovation, obtaining competitive advantages, and contributing to strategic decision-making to improve competitiveness in international markets. In the theoretical context, this study seeks to contribute to the dynamics of business internationalization, exploring the implementation of multi-helix collaborative networks in business initiatives and public policies for the robustness of the internationalization of companies, particularly with regard to the integration of multiple actors, such as academia, companies, government and entities that promote support for internationalization, this research offers an innovative perspective on how these synergies in desire of a common objective, enhance and foster the growth and competitiveness of companies in the global market. This research will follow the empirical-formal research method, which will be characterised by the formulation of research questions based on the theoretical framework, testing these questions and critical reflection, confronting theory with the evidence of observed facts, and safeguarding the possibility of refutation. In the specific case of this research, the formulation of questions will be inspired by the existing theoretical framework on the internationalization of companies, which is a delimited set of observable phenomena. The first empirical essay in this thesis (Chapter 2) is entitled "Analysing stimuli and barriers, failure and resilience in Companies' Internationalization: a systematic and bibliometric review", where the framework and issues of the topic were framed, following a process of deductive reasoning, construction and based on a logic of a chain of reflection in descending order, which consisted of a general theoretical framework for private research cases. The results of the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) allow for the identification of emerging and as yet little explored themes on which the development of the following chapters is based. The second empirical essay in the thesis (Chapter 3), entitled "SMEs internationalization process: from success to insolvency, from brand rebirth to the re-internationalization", highlights the need to better understand the negative impact of these experiences on the internationalization of companies, SMEs with major investments deployed in their internationalization processes, through recourse to high levels of bank financing, in association with the COVID-19 pandemic period, were not able to successfully overcome the calvary of internationalization and culminating in their own bankruptcies, however, despite such failures, the attractiveness and reputation of the brand, supported by the strategic vision and perseverance of new entrepreneurs, enabled the rebirth of the brands and opening the door to their re-entering international markets. The third empirical essay in this thesis (Chapter 4) is entitled "Firms' internationalization: the sustainment process". In this study, we adopted the pragmatist paradigm through a mixed-method research approach that included two distinct studies. The first was a conceptual study focusing on the internationalization strategies of small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs), which utilized a questionnaire for data collection. This was followed by a qualitative study that involved interviews to explore the factors that enhanced and propelled companies towards greater competitiveness in international markets. The fourth empirical essay in the thesis (Chapter 5) is entitled " What is the Role of Collaborative Networks in the Internationalization of Companies? An N-Tuple Helix Qualitative Approach”. The N-Tuple of Helices is fundamental for increasing the internationalization of companies, allowing adaptation to global complexities and expanding presence in international markets through collaborative networks. The study methodology applied was multiple cases, comprising the current synergies of the Triple Helix and the respective combination between the spheres, thus promoting the viability of the success of government and international projects to increase the national competitiveness of companies in international markets. The present thesis uncovered new insights and a clearer understanding of the business internationalization by highlighting the interplay between internal motivations, external challenges, and organisational resilience in navigating global markets. This study demonstrated how strategic engagement with N-Tuple of Helices networks fosters innovation, facilitates knowledge exchange, and strengthens collaborative efforts among academia, industry and government. Furthermore, the research provides actionable recommendations for business leaders, emphasizing the importance of leveraging multi-stakeholder partnerships to overcome barriers, enhance adaptability, and secure competitive advantages in diverse international contexts. These contributions enrich existing literature and offer a practical framework for businesses aspiring to expand globally in a competitive and strategic way.