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- Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of Tripleurospermum disciforme: Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Bioactivity StudiesPublication . Tamrin, Parvaneh Sheydaei ; Duarte, Ana Paula Coelho; Amaral, Maria Emilia da Costa CabralMedicinal plants have long been regarded as essential therapeutic resources in traditional and complementary medicine. In recent decades, they have attracted increasing scientific interest due to their bioactive compounds and pharmaceutical potential. Iran, with its diverse climate and abundant flora, provides unique opportunities for ethnobotanical and pharmacological research, as traditional knowledge of medicinal plants remains deeply embedded in local healthcare practices. Ethnobotanical surveys conducted in the provinces of Guilan, Alborz, and Qazvin revealed that plant species belonging to the Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Boraginaceae families are the most frequently cited in traditional medicine. These findings highlight both the cultural and therapeutic significance of these families, as well as their potential for guiding pharmacological research. Among the documented species, Tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A. Mey.) Sch. Bip. and Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. were among the most frequently cited medicinal plants. T. disciforme recorded the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC = 0.42) and Use Value (UV = 1.72), indicating widespread reliance and strong consensus regarding its therapeutic effectiveness, particularly in treating digestive, respiratory, skin, and nervous system disorders. These ethnobotanical indicators justified its selection for further scientific investigation in this thesis. In contrast, although Echium amoenum presented a slightly lower frequency (RFC = 0.32, UV = 1.31), it remains one of the most culturally and therapeutically relevant species of the Boraginaceae family, known in Iranian folk medicine for its role in digestive, neurological, inflammatory, and infectious conditions. Considering that other highly cited genera, such as Thymus kotschyanus and Mentha spp. (Mentha pulegium L., Mentha arvensis L., Mentha aquatica L., Mentha piperita L.) have been extensively studied in recent years, Echium spp., was selected for a systematic review, focusing on its phytochemical, ethnomedicinal, and pharmacological properties. Although biological analyses could not be completed within the present timeframe, they are planned for future work to further explore its therapeutic potential. A systematic review of the genus Tripleurospermum was conducted to contextualize its phytochemical diversity and pharmacological properties. Compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and essential oils were reported to contribute to antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and sedative activities. Experimental analyses of T. disciforme confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds neochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylethyl acetate identified using UHPLC–timsTOF–MS. The ethyl acetate extract fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity in DPPH radical scavenging (IC₅₀ = 12.49 μg/mL) and significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus (MIC = 312 μg/mL). Regarding cytotoxicity, the hexane extract fraction displayed marked cytotoxic effects against the human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell line, while showing lower toxicity toward normal fibroblast cells, supporting its selective anticancer potential. The systematic review of the genus Echium L., based on the ethnobotanical relevance identified in the field study, compiled data on its phytochemical composition including phenolic compounds, naphthoquinones, shikonins, sterols, fatty acids, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids and summarized its reported antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. However, the presence of toxic alkaloids underlines the necessity for further preclinical and clinical investigations before therapeutic application. By integrating ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological approaches, this thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of Tripleurospermum disciforme and Echium species. The results reaffirm their importance in Iranian traditional medicine and highlight their promise as valuable candidates for the development of new plant-based therapeutic agents.