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- 6D Pose Estimation and Object RecognitionPublication . Pereira, Nuno José Matos; Alexandre, Luís Filipe Barbosa de Almeida6D pose estimation is a computer vision task where the objective is to estimate the 3 degrees of freedom of the object’s position (translation vector) and the other 3 degrees of freedom for the object’s orientation (rotation matrix). 6D pose estimation is a hard problem to tackle due to the possible scene cluttering, illumination variability, object truncations, and different shapes, sizes, textures, and similarities between objects. However, 6D pose estimation methods are used in multiple contexts like augmented reality, for example, where badly placed objects into the real-world can break the experience of augmented reality. Another application example is the use of augmented reality in the industry to train new and competent workers where virtual objects need to be placed in the correct positions to look like real objects or simulate their placement in the correct positions. In the context of Industry 4.0, robotic systems require adaptation to handle unconstrained pick-and-place tasks, human-robot interaction and collaboration, and autonomous robot movement. These environments and tasks are dependent on methods that perform object detection, object localization, object segmentation, and object pose estimation. To have accurate robotic manipulation, unconstrained pick-and-place, and scene understanding, accurate object detection and 6D pose estimation methods are needed. This thesis presents methods that were developed to tackle the 6D pose estimation problem as-well as the implementations of proposed pipelines in the real-world. To use the proposed pipelines in the real-world a data set needed to be capture and annotated to train and test the methods. Some controlling robot routines and interfaces were developed in order to be able to control a UR3 robot in the pipelines. The MaskedFusion method, proposed by us, achieves pose estimation accuracy below 6mm in the LineMOD dataset and an AUC score of 93.3% in the challenging YCB-Video dataset. Despite longer training time, MaskedFusion demonstrates low inference time, making it suitable for real-time applications. A study was performed about the effectiveness of employing different color spaces and improved segmentation algorithms to enhance the accuracy of 6D pose estimation methods. Moreover, the proposed MPF6D outperforms other approaches, achieving remarkable accuracy of 99.7% in the LineMOD dataset and 98.06% in the YCB-Video dataset, showcasing its potential for high-precision 6D pose estimation. Additionally, the thesis presents object grasping methods with exceptional accuracy. The first approach, comprising data capture, object detection, 6D pose estimation, grasping detection, robot planning, and motion execution, achieves a 90% success rate in non-controlled environment tests. Leveraging a diverse dataset with varying light conditions proves critical for accurate performance in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, an alternative method demonstrates accurate object grasping without relying on 6D pose estimation, offering faster execution and requiring less computational power. With a remarkable 96% accuracy and an average execution time of 5.59 seconds on a laptop without an NVIDIA GPU, this method demonstrates efficiency and practicality performing unconstrained pick-and-place tasks using a UR3 robot.