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- Nível de atividade física e hábitos de vida saudável de universitários portuguesesPublication . Esteves, Dulce; Vieira, Sérgio; Brás, Rui; O'Hara, Kelly; Pinheiro, PauloEste estudo visa avaliar o nível de atividade física e hábitos de vida saudável de alunos de duas universidades portuguesas. Utilizou-se o Questionário Internacional da Atividade Física para avaliar o nível de atividade física dos estudantes, juntamente com questões de avaliação dos hábitos de vida. 35% dos estudantes inquiridos apresenta nível de atividade física baixo, reportando a disponibilidade, os horários, a distância e o preço, como causas de não participação nos programas de atividade física existentes. Os principais objetivos associados à prática de atividades física são melhorar a condição física, relaxamento, diminuição do stress, diversão, prevenção de doenças e aumento da autoestima. Os estudantes evidenciam alguns comportamentos de risco ao nível do consumo excessivo de tabaco, álcool e drogas. As Universidades deverão promover a prática regular de atividades físicas no seio académico e sensibilizar para os malefícios advindos do sedentarismo e comportamentos de risco no bem-estar e saúde desta população.
- Supervised Exercise Patterns among Diabetic and Non-diabetic Portuguese AdultsPublication . Esteves, Dulce; Gouveia, Ana; Rodrigues, Ricardo; Pinheiro, Paulo; Brás, Rui; O'Hara, Kelly; Duarte, PauloBackground. Physical activity (PA) is a keystone of diabetes management, but although self-exercise is beneficial, supervised exercise (SE), adapted to individual characteristics, and is more effective. Objectives. The main research goal is to compare SE patterns among diabetic and non-diabetic Portuguese adults. Methods. A total of 484 participants (85 diabetics, 399 non-diabetics), aged 41-90 years old (mean=58.9; SD=11.9) were interviewed. PA level was assessed using short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Attendance in different SE programs was evaluated across three kinds of PA programs providers: gym/health-clubs; swimming pools and other club/ sports facilities. Itens like Barriers to Exercise; Intention to participate; Importance of the structure and PA information sources were also evaluated. Independent t-tests were used to examine the difference between the group means, and Levene’s test was used to check the homokedasticity of the groups’ variances. Results. PA level of diabetics (32% low; 25% moderate; 44% high) and non-diabetics (29% low; 33% moderate; 39% high) display no differences. 90% of diabetics do not attend SE. The main barrier for diabetics’ non-participation is the perception that the exercise is not adequate to their health. Doctors are the preferred information source for diabetics and they rely less on information provided by the Internet, with may impair on-line campaigns. Conclusion. Promoting exercise in diabetics should shift the focus from "promoting physical activity" to "promoting SE".
- Physical activity level as a booster of entrepreneurial intention: a social innovation approachPublication . Rodrigues, Ricardo; Marques, Carla; Esteves, Dulce; Brás, Rui; Santos, Gina; Gouveia, Ana; Duarte, Paulo; Pinheiro, Paulo; O'Hara, Kelly; Marques, VanessaThis study aims to investigate if engaging in physical activity (PA) and gender influences people’s entrepreneurial intention (EI). A survey for measuring EI and PA was developed and administered to the general population. The data were collected with a questionnaire distributed across all continental Portuguese regions. A two-way analysis of variance was used to test the influence of PA level and gender in EI. The results highlight that PA and gender have an impact on EI. This study’s main practical implication is that evidence was found that people need to be involved in more PA, especially in high PA level, because the results show that there is an association with increased levels of EI. This paper contributes to filling a gap in the literature by identifying the importance of PA for the increase of EI. This relationship may be a consequence of skills promoted by the practice of PA and also the development of some personal psychological and cognitive characteristics such as autonomy, risk tolerance, and leadership. The main implication resulting from this study is that it is essential to develop and booster PA into society, namely through PA programmes in organisations, not only for improving persons’ health condition but also as a social benefit, that can promote social innovation and entrepreneurship.
- Sharing tacit knowledge and organizational learning in Portuguese voluntary fire fighters corpsPublication . Oliveira, Márcio; Pinheiro, PauloThe growing importance of the third sector and its institutions justifies the attention of the academic community, in order to establish and adopt best practices aimed at fulfilling its missions and reinforcing organizational learning. However, there are few studies on the importance of the intensity and availability for the sharing of tacit knowledge, as a form of organizational learning, directed to organizations of this typology. The option of conducting a case study such as the Portuguese fire brigades (FB’s), unique in their action and identity, accompanies the need increasingly recognized by Portuguese society to enable these organizations to achieve the best performance to tragic events in recent years in this country. Thus, by placing the focus of the study on the intensity and availability of tacit knowledge sharing, and on past learning, by FB commanders in Portugal, we have identified as objectives, to identify if there is an intention and tacit knowledge sharing available to the commanders of FB’s and realize if this intention and availability is matched in what is the treatment of knowledge obtained by past learning. Eight interviews were conducted with commanders of fire brigades in the central region of Portugal, under the snowball methodological technique, for a qualitative study. It was possible to conclude that the commanders of these FB’s tend to demonstrate the intensity and availability of tacit knowledge sharing, but that this is not reflected in their practices derived from past learning. As limitations of the research, it should be noted that the present research focuses exclusively on the sharing of tacit knowledge, not considering other forms of knowledge. As a case study, although with heterogeneous organizations, the same cannot be replicated to different realities.
- Managers perceptions about knowledge management and Organisational WisdomPublication . Rocha, Raysa; Pinheiro, PauloAccumulating knowledge does not guarantee better problem solving; thus, success is not about knowing more. The lack of success of Knowledge Management in generating the expected value and competitive advantages opened doors to Organisational Wisdom. Wisdom can be defined as the capacity to put into action the most suitable behaviour, considering what is known and what does the most good. The purpose of this article is to understand the perception of managers about Knowledge Management and Organisational Wisdom. The research conducted was exploratory on a qualitative method. The interviews were developed electronically in organisations located in Brazil, Portugal, Bulgaria, Serbia, Angola, Argentina, Australia, and China. There is a disparity between the advancement of theory and practice in organisations. It concludes that managers have a simplistic notion of what Knowledge Management is, they do not understand the idea of "ba" and are focused on explicit knowledge, they still fail to understand in a global way knowledge and how it should be managed and have almost no notion of what organisational wisdom is. They understand the importance of the leader, mainly because they are leaders, giving importance to their function.
- Physical activity patterns and perceptions among portuguese type 2 diabetic and non-diabeticPublication . Esteves, Dulce; Gouveia, Ana; Rodrigues, Ricardo; Pinheiro, Paulo; Brás, Rui; O'Hara, Kelly; Duarte, PauloBackground. The increasing prevalence and incidence of type 2 Diabetes has turned it into a worldwide epidemic. Although Physical Activity (PA) may play an essential role in the prevention and management of this disease, sedentary lifestyles continue to increase among diabetics. Besides, there is evidence to believe that diabetics and non-diabetics show different patterns of PA behavior, perceptions and information seeking. Objectives. This study aims to analyze diabetics and non-diabetics differences regarding (1) PA patterns (level, barriers, goals/expectations and preferred activities); (2) PA-related information sources and (3) evidenced perception on the need and importance of PA. Methods. Using data from 485 Portuguese subjects aged between 41 and 90 years old, differences between diabetics (n=85) and non-diabetics (n=400) were analyzed with Pearson’s chi-square and independent t-test. Results. The study concludes that 32% of diabetics that are physically inactive. Their attitude toward PA is not much different from non-diabetics. Nevertheless, the importance given to the time available and the schedules of activities as well as exercising with friends were more relevant for diabetics. Diabetics considered that the exercise is not safe for their health condition and present lower expectation towards exercise. Regarding information seeking behavior about PA, diabetics use as leading information source doctors and less online information. Conclusion. Diabetics and non-diabetics give different importance to PA. Results establish a foundation for the development of effective tailored communication strategies to promote PA among the diabetics.
- Spirituality in Knowledge Management: Systematic Literature Review and Future Studies SuggestionsPublication . Rocha, Raysa; Pinheiro, PauloKnowledge Management has established itself as key to the competitive advantage of companies in the 21st century. As the mere accumulation of knowledge is insufficient, there is a corresponding need to control and supervise interactions across the organization so as to create organisational value. Thus, understanding how the composition of the main knowledge management constructs and what influences them is especially important. Sharing knowledge, a continuous process and key to creating value, has mutual trust as one of its antecedents. We here consider trust as the amount that a person is willing to impute good intentions and believe in the discourses and actions of others (Cook and Wall, 1980). This research seeks to understand whether spirituality amounts to a factor influencing the confidence and trust necessary for the sharing of organisational knowledge. Studies indeed defend spirituality as a factor promoting trust, feelings of mutuality as well as a factor generating control over negative impulses, for internal improvement, unity and interconnections among organisational members (Pawar, 2017; Tejeda, 2015; Duchon & Plowman, 2005; Mitroff & Denton, 1999). This relationship is both relevant and worthy of deeper exploration as both knowledge management and spirituality are fundamental to creating organisational value. We opted to undertake a systematic review of the literature in order to understand just which links among the constructs feature in the literature. Therefore, we made automatic searches on Web of Knowledge and EBSCO databases. Our results suggest that spirituality positively influences knowledge sharing, because it is a relevant factor itself, either in the actual sharing or indirectly through its influence over knowledge creation. However, we would emphasise that there are almost no articles interlinking these two constructs and hence the need to deepen research into this factor and improve our understanding of its influence in organisations and therefore also propose the application of different methodologies to advance studies on this subject.
- The role of marketing in the promotion of breastfeedingPublication . Paço, Arminda; Rodrigues, Ricardo; Duarte, Paulo; Pinheiro, Paulo; Oliveira, José António Martinez Souto de; Soares, MartaIn recent years, researchers and health-care professionals have shown a growing interest in the health benefits associated with breastfeeding and the dangers associated with bottle feeding. At the same time, there has been a growing number of medical and academic studies showing that breastfeeding is beneficial and necessary. However, despite its being a socially important theme, little research has been undertaken in the marketing of breastfeeding. The purpose of this article is to review the use of social marketing as a tool for enhancing health promotion programmes, specifically those seeking to encourage the adoption of breastfeeding and to increase its prevalence. The implementation of the first phase of such a programme is described in the article. Based on a sample of women, this study illustrates mothers' knowledge of breastfeeding, showing that social marketing programmes are needed to improve their level of access to information and increase the prevalence of breastfeeding.
- Physical activity level and perceptions about exercise in patients with OsteoporosisPublication . Esteves, Dulce; Pinheiro, Paulo; Brás, Rui; Gouveia Rodrigues, Ricardo; Gouveia, Ana; O'Hara, Kelly; Duarte, PauloOsteoporosis is a major health concern around the world. Physical activity (PA) is an essential preventive and therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis. This investigation aims to evaluate PA level and of perceptions about exercise of osteoporosis patients, regarding (1) importance of exercise on osteoporosis condition (IE); (2) balance between exercise benefits and risks (B/R); (3) importance of participation in exercise programs (IP); (4) major risks (R); (5) major benefits (B). PA level of 73 postmenopausal Portuguese women (mean=74.3, SD=8.7 years) with diagnosed osteoporosis (T-score < - 2.5 by DXA) was assessed by IPAQ. A complementary questionnaire was designed to evaluate perceptions about exercise. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. IPAQ analysis reported 21.9% high; 35.6% moderate and 42.5% low PA. 35.6% of patients consider that exercise has no impact in preventing osteoporosis evolution and 19.2% refers that it is only partially important. 63.0% considers that exercise has more disadvantages than benefits. About IP, 65.8% of women found daily activities more adequate then exercise programs. Main disadvantages reported (R) were risk of fall (87.7%) risk of bone injury (83.6%); risk of vertebral fractures (63.0%) and risk of increase pain (52.1%). Main benefits found were related to calcium fixation (83.6%); lower body weight (78.1%); increase bone density (69.9%); and increase muscular tonus (61.6%). Results suggest that the adherence to an active lifestyle is dependent on the capacity to change perceptions of osteoporosis patients about exercise. Exercise is medicine if patients acknowledge that exercise brings greater benefits than risks.
- Physical activity and supervised exercise among hypertensives and normotensives: status and barriersPublication . Esteves, Dulce; Duarte, Paulo; Pinheiro, Paulo; Brás, Rui; Rodrigues, Ricardo; Gouveia, Ana; O'Hara, KellyPurpose Physical activity (PA) is considered central to hypertension prevention and management. The main purpose of this article is to compare supervised exercise (SE) patterns among hypertensive and normotensive Portuguese adults. Methods A total of 966 participants aged between 15 and 90 years old (mean 41.9; SD 19.5) were surveyed face-to-face in public places across Portugal. Participants were considered hypertensives (n=144) if they have systolic and diastolic blood pressure higher than 160 and 90 mmHg or report taking antihypertensive medication. PA was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test for associations and t test for independent samples were used to analyze data. Results Hypertensive individuals show a higher prevalence of sedentary lifestyle than normotensive (31% vs 20%). About 40% of hypertensive patients have a high level of physical activity. Several signifcant diferences were found between hypertensives and normotensives regarding the causes for non-participation, information sources and motivation to participate. For infrastructures, only the quality of the equipment (p=0.032), innovative activities (p=0.027), and the opportunity to socialize (p=0.000) are capable of diferentiating the two groups. Conclusions This study shows the prevalence of sedentary behavior among the hypertensive population. Hypertensives and normotensive behavior reveal diferent patterns on the barriers, sources of information, and perception regarding the structures. Service providers seem incapable to make hypertensives aware of the risks associated with PA and the benefts associated with SE. More information is needed to make hypertensives aware of the benefts of SE programs.