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- Sustainable Vernacular Architecture to Improve Thermal Comfort in African CountriesPublication . Santos, Michael M.; Ferreira, Ana Vaz; Lanzinha, JoãoThis study highlights the importance of bioclimatic design, passive solar cooling and heating systems, and traditional building materials in improving the sustainability and thermal comfort of vernacular architecture in Africa. The lack of available technology, financial resources, and increasing urban populations are significant challenges in implementing sustainable vernacular architecture. To overcome these challenges, this study suggests creating awareness, providing financial aid, preserving traditional buildings, and implementing sustainable urban-development strategies. The study also emphasizes the need for further research to evaluate the impact of renewable energy solutions, energy-responsive designs, and climate change reduction in traditional settlements to inform the development of sustainable vernacular architecture in Africa. Achieving sustainable vernacular architecture presents an opportunity to promote ecological embeddedness, sustainable architecture, land-use planning, and integrated green infrastructure, leading to improved indoor air quality, reduced energy consumption, and protection of occupant health. Therefore, it is crucial to develop strategies that promote sustainable design, community engagement, and locally sourced materials to create a more sustainable future for African countries, thereby contributing to climate change resilience and adaptation.
- A Qualitative Analysis Using Thermography for Characterization of the Built EnvironmentPublication . Ferreira, Ana Vaz; Ferreira, Pedro; Santos, Michael M.The revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) recognizes nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) and building renovation as essential steps in the decarbonization of the built environment. A thorough understanding of existing buildings is a prerequisite for improving their thermal performance and ensuring that interventions are based on pre-existing conditions. This study investigates the use of thermography as a tool for identifying construction solutions and assessing the thermal performance of buildings. Initially, it addresses the benefits and limitations of this technique, as well as some results of a qualitative analysis and standard application of this technology. Specific conditions for capturing images on-site were identified, along with the relevant factors for interpreting thermograms under natural conditions. These images enabled the identification of previous works, changes in buildings, and the use of different materials and construction techniques, thereby contributing to the characterization of buildings. Consequently, they can be used in the diagnostic phase to enhance the accuracy of intervention solutions based on a better understanding of existing conditions.
- Passive Solar Systems for the Promotion of Thermal Comfort in African Countries: A ReviewPublication . Santos, Michael M.; Ferreira, Ana Vaz; Lanzinha, JoãoGlobally, the residential sector consumes a significant amount of energy. Therefore, bioclimatic architectural systems which consider passive solutions should be studied, analyzed, and implemented to reduce energy consumption. This review aims to promote thermal comfort in African countries by using passive solar systems. It begins with the keyword thermal comfort and then reviews articles published over the last ten years that consider bioclimatic architecture and construction strategies in Africa, the main trends in scientific research in this field, and the possibilities for each climate zone in achieving the highest degree of climate comfort. Following an extensive review, certain bioclimatic architectural strategies adopted in specific countries can be applied in countries with similar climates and this can contribute to significant energy savings through effective functional solar and ventilation design strategies. Several countries have been identified as having the most significant publications on thermal regulations in buildings, and the associated regulations and projects are discussed. Several studies have also examined static and adaptive models of thermal comfort.
- Overview of Energy Systems in Africa: A Comprehensive ReviewPublication . Santos, Michael M.; Ferreira, Ana Vaz; Lanzinha, JoãoAfrica has abundant solar resources but only 2% of its current capacity is generated from renewable sources. Photovoltaics (PV) offer sustainable, decentralized electricity access to meet development needs. This review synthesizes the recent literature on PV in Africa, with a focus on Mozambique. The 10 most cited studies highlight the optimization of technical components, such as storage and bifacial modules, and challenges in integrating large-scale PV. Case studies demonstrated Mozambique’s potential for PV applications in water heating, irrigation, and rural electrification. These benefits include reduced emissions and energy access. However, barriers, such as high costs, lack of infrastructure, and training, exist. While solar cookers are insufficient, thermal systems have unrealized potential. Mozambique’s urban and rural electrification rates are 57% and 13%, respectively, despite its energy resources. Targeted policies, financing, and community engagement are essential for promoting adoption. While PV can sustainably expand electricity access, coordinated efforts must address costs, infrastructure, maintenance, and social factors for successful implementation. Mozambique has immense solar potential, but strategic planning and support are critical to unlocking these benefits. This review provides insights into optimizing PV systems and policy frameworks for a clean and inclusive energy production future in Africa, to synthesize the 10 most cited studies on photovoltaic solar energy in Africa, and to deeply reflect upon the current energy needs in Mozambique, the benefits of employing PV and solar thermal systems, and the challenges of implementing such systems within the Mozambican context.