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- Stand-up Paddle Boarding: Muscle activity, kinematics and performance analysis in recreational athletesPublication . Freitas, João Diogo Rodrigues ; Neiva, Henrique Pereira; Conceição , Ana Teresa SilveiraStand-up paddle (SUP) has become increasingly popular due to its accessibility and physical benefits. Despite its growing popularity, there is limited research focusing on the biomechanical factors influencing SUP performance. This doctoral thesis aims to fill this gap by investigating various determinants of SUP performance through four studies. The general objective of this thesis was to analyze kinematic and neuromuscular factors that influence SUP performance in pratical contexts, in recreational-level athletes. The following steps were undertaken: (i) a literature review focused on performance analysis in SUP; (ii) analysis of muscle activation behavior in SUP, focusing on the activation patterns of adjacent and opposite muscles relative to the paddling side; (iii) classify SUP practitioners based on kinematic and neuromuscular activity variables and identify performance differentiators; iv) to examine how different visual focus conditions affect kinematic and neuromuscular responses during SUP. The main findings demonstrated that: (i) SUP athletes have more muscle mass, less body fat, and use more efficient paddling techniques, resulting in better performance; (ii) there seems to be higher muscle activation on the opposite side of the paddle in SUP, suggesting the importance of alternating the paddling side for muscular balance; (iii) faster performers showed a higher stroke frequency and different neuromuscular activation (i.e., higher triceps brachii activity) during the recovery phase of the stroke; (iv) visual focus significantly impacts kinematic and neuromuscular activity during SUP, with the free choice condition resulting in faster speeds, higher stroke frequencies and higher muscle activation during recovery phases of the stroke. These results demonstrate the importance of kinematic and neuromuscular factors in SUP performance. This thesis provides valuable insights for SUP practitioners and coaches to optimize training and performance through a better understanding of these biomechanical and neuromuscular factors.