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- A meta-analytic perspective on Arcobacter spp. antibiotic resistancePublication . Ferreira, Susana; Luís, Ângelo; Oleastro, Mónica; Pereira, L.; Domingues, F.C.Objectives: Over the years, an increased prevalence of resistant strains of Arcobacter has been observed, which may be due to Arcobacter exposure to antibiotics used both in animal production and human medicine. A systematic review was performed with the objective of summarising the results of the rates of antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter isolates. Methods: The systematic review was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) recommendations, followed by meta-analysis. Results: It was observed that the resistance rate ranged between 69.3-99.2% for penicillins and 30.5-97.4% for cephalosporins. The overall percentage of resistance to fluoroquinolones ranged from 4.3% to 14.0%, with the highest resistance percentage observed for levofloxacin. Resistance rates ranged between 10.7-39.8% for macrolides, 1.8-12.9% for aminoglycosides and 0.8-7.1% for tetracyclines. Conclusions: These results show that Arcobacter spp. present resistance to various antibiotics commonly used and advocate further studies of the associated resistance mechanisms.
- Prevalence of Arcobacter: From farm to retail – A systematic review and meta-analysisPublication . Mateus, Cristiana; Martins, Rodrigo; Luís, Ângelo; Oleastro, Mónica; Domingues, F.C.; Pereira, L.; Ferreira, SusanaArcobacter is a group of bacteria widely distributed in several habitats and throughout the food chain. Considering the pathogenic potential of some species within this group, it is important to understand their distribution along the food chain, as well as the possible routes of transmission. Aiming this, a systematic review and meta-analysis-based method was used to investigate the prevalence of Arcobacter species throughout the food chain, from farm to fork, using the worldwide available data. Database search was performed using related keywords and considering studies up to March 2020. The pooled prevalence of Arcobacter in food chain was 30% (0.300; 95% CI: 0.262–0.342), ranging from 0.5 to 99.4%. The highest prevalence of Arcobacter was observed in Belgium (0.575; 95% CI:0.427–0.710) and the lower in Ireland (0.031; 95% CI:0.022–0.042). Oceania continent (0.409; 95% CI:0.173–0.697) and the countries with high income level (0.342; 95% CI:0.293–0.394) presented the highest prevalence when considering the analysis of subgroups. Arcobacter spp. presented the highest prevalence at the processing stage (0.335; 95% CI:0.270–0.406), when compared with primary and retail stage. Also, data points to the relevance of environmental sources in food contamination. Arcobacter seems to be more frequently found in animal origin products, with the highest prevalence observed for poultry-associated products (0.404; 95% CI: 0.338–0.473), being Arcobacter butzleri the most frequently found species. The results of this meta-analysis highlight the high prevalence and distribution of Arcobacter along the food chain, suggesting a high risk to human health, and the relevance of taking preventive actions in order to reduce the burden of this pathogen in food sector.
- Polyphenols as resistance modulators in Arcobacter butzleriPublication . Sousa, Vanessa Cristina Gouveia; Luís, Ângelo; Oleastro, Mónica; Domingues, F.C.; Ferreira, SusanaArcobacter butzleri is an emerging human and animal pathogen for which an increased prevalence of resistance to antibiotics has been observed, and so alternative compounds to modulate resistance of A. butzleri are required. This work aims to study the potential use of several polyphenols as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) and to evaluate their interaction with antibiotics, in order to enhance antibiotic activity against A. butzleri. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, rutin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, resveratrol, pterostilbene, and pinosylvin was determined, in absence and presence of four known EPIs. Subsequently, ethidium bromide accumulation in presence of subinhibitory concentrations of polyphenols was evaluated, and the synergistic potential of the compounds with antibiotics was assessed by checkerboard dilution test. Only stilbenes presented activity against A. butzleri, with MIC values ranging between 64 and 512 μg/mL. The MIC determination of the polyphenols in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of known EPIs showed that efflux pumps play a role in the resistance to these compounds. Stilbenes also induced a higher intracellular accumulation of ethidium bromide, indicating that they may inhibit the activity of efflux pumps. Checkerboard assays showed that several combinations of polyphenol/antibiotic had an additive effect against A. butzleri. Overall, the results indicate that some polyphenols reduce A. butzleri resistance to antibiotics, suggesting the potential of stilbenes as EPIs. The potential of resveratrol and pinosylvin as resistance modulators was evidenced, insofar as these compounds can even revert antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the use of polyphenols as resistance modulators could be an alternative to overcome the decreasing susceptibility of A. butzleri to antibiotics.
- The Prevalence of Arcobacteraceae in Aquatic Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPublication . Venâncio, Igor Miguel Antunes; Luís, Ângelo; Domingues, F.C.; Oleastro, Mónica; Pereira, L.; Ferreira, SusanaMembers of the family Arcobacteraceae are distributed widely in aquatic environments, and some of its species have been associated with human and animal illness. However, information about the diversity and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different water bodies is still limited. In order to better characterize the health risk posed by members in the family Arcobacteraceae, a systematic review and meta-analysis-based method was used to investigate the prevalence of Arcobacteraceae species in aquatic environments based on available data published worldwide. The database search was performed using related keywords and considering studies up to February 2021. The pooled prevalence in aquatic environments was 69.2%, ranging from 0.6 to 99.9%. These bacteria have a wide geographical distribution, being found in diverse aquatic environments with the highest prevalence found in raw sewage and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), followed by seawater, surface water, ground water, processing water from food processing plants and water for human consumption. Assessing the effectiveness of treatments in WWTP in eliminating this contamination, it was found that the wastewater treatment may not be efficient in the removal of Arcobacteraceae. Among the analyzed Arcobacteraceae species, Al. butzleri was the most frequently found species. These results highlight the high prevalence and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different aquatic environments, suggesting a risk to human health. Further, it exposes the importance of identifying and managing the sources of contamination and taking preventive actions to reduce the burden of members of the Arcobacteraceae family.