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Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A Perturbação de Hiperatividade/Défice de Atenção (PHDA) é uma perturbação do neuro
desenvolvimento. É multifatorial, heterogénea e complexa, sendo mais frequente surgir
em crianças e adolescentes. Além da avaliação é fundamental existir um diagnóstico
diferencial, dado que esta perturbação apresenta uma sintomatologia muito semelhante a
outras patologias do foro mental. Posteriormente realiza-se o diagnóstico e elabora-se um
plano de tratamento, desenvolvendo-se estratégias adaptadas às características e
particularidades da pessoa. Dada a pertinência da temática, esta investigação pretende
fornecer aos pais, profissionais de saúde e de educação uma revisão sistemática da
literatura, cujo objetivo visa compreender o que as evidências científicas documentam
sobre a avaliação e intervenção atual na PHDA.
Primeiramente definimos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos estudos. Recorremos a
algumas bases de dados científicas para a pesquisa de artigos, tendo sido identificados
inicialmente 449 artigos. No final do processo, selecionamos 13 artigos. Foi ainda efetuada
uma pesquisa que incluiu obras de referência sobre a PHDA, em períodos anteriores. De
seguida, extraímos os dados e realizamos a avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos
incluídos.
Os resultados revelam a importância da avaliação psicológica/neuropsicológica e da
intervenção na PHDA. Contudo, existem cada vez mais incertezas no que diz respeito à
escolha do tratamento mais adequado. Os principais tratamentos baseiam-se na terapia
cognitivo-comportamental (intervenção psicológica) e nos fármacos psicoativos
(intervenção farmacológica). A intervenção farmacológica é a mais utilizada e, por norma,
apresenta efeitos colaterais leves. Já a intervenção psicológica demonstra resultados
benéficos ao nível da sintomatologia cognitiva e comportamental. Diversos estudos
apontam para o tratamento combinado como o mais eficaz. Contudo, a escolha do
tratamento deve ser individualizada, baseando-se na gravidade dos sintomas,
comorbidades, tentativas anteriores de terapia e nas condições familiares, sociais e
educacionais.
Concluímos que o psicólogo assume um papel fundamental na avaliação psicológica /
neuropsicológica, contributo preponderante para um diagnóstico diferencial, bem como
ao nível da intervenção psicológica. Considera-se, por isso, uma mais-valia o investimento
em programas de promoção e intervenção psicológica na PHDA em Portugal.
Hyperactivity Disorder / Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is multifactorial, heterogeneous and complex, being more frequent in children and adolescents. In addition to the assessment, it is essential to have a differential diagnosis, given that this disorder has a very similar symptom to other mental disorders. Subsequently, the diagnosis is made and a treatment plan is elaborated, developing strategies adapted to the characteristics and particularities of the person. Given the relevance of the theme, this investigation provides parents, health and education professionals with a systematic review, whose objective is to understand that the scientific evidence documents about the assessment and current intervention in ADHD. First, we defined the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the studies. We used some scientific databases to search for articles, with 449 articles initially identified. At the end of the process, we selected 13 articles. A survey was also carried out that included reference works on ADHD, in previous periods. Then, we extracted the data and performed the risk of bias assessment of the included studies. The results reveal the importance of psychological / neuropsychological assessment and intervention in ADHD. However, there are increasing uncertainties regarding the choice of the most appropriate treatment. The main treatments are based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (psychological intervention) and psychoactive drugs (pharmacological intervention). Pharmacological intervention is the most used and, as a rule, has side effects. The psychological intervention demonstrates beneficial results in terms of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Several studies point to the combined treatment as the most effective. However, the choice of treatment must be individualized, based on the severity of symptoms, comorbidities, previous attempts at therapy and on family, social and educational conditions. We conclude that the psychologist assumes a fundamental role in the psychological / neuropsychological assessment, a major contribution to a differential diagnosis, as well as to the level of psychological intervention. Therefore, investment in psychological promotion and intervention programs in PHD is considered an added value.
Hyperactivity Disorder / Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is multifactorial, heterogeneous and complex, being more frequent in children and adolescents. In addition to the assessment, it is essential to have a differential diagnosis, given that this disorder has a very similar symptom to other mental disorders. Subsequently, the diagnosis is made and a treatment plan is elaborated, developing strategies adapted to the characteristics and particularities of the person. Given the relevance of the theme, this investigation provides parents, health and education professionals with a systematic review, whose objective is to understand that the scientific evidence documents about the assessment and current intervention in ADHD. First, we defined the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the studies. We used some scientific databases to search for articles, with 449 articles initially identified. At the end of the process, we selected 13 articles. A survey was also carried out that included reference works on ADHD, in previous periods. Then, we extracted the data and performed the risk of bias assessment of the included studies. The results reveal the importance of psychological / neuropsychological assessment and intervention in ADHD. However, there are increasing uncertainties regarding the choice of the most appropriate treatment. The main treatments are based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (psychological intervention) and psychoactive drugs (pharmacological intervention). Pharmacological intervention is the most used and, as a rule, has side effects. The psychological intervention demonstrates beneficial results in terms of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Several studies point to the combined treatment as the most effective. However, the choice of treatment must be individualized, based on the severity of symptoms, comorbidities, previous attempts at therapy and on family, social and educational conditions. We conclude that the psychologist assumes a fundamental role in the psychological / neuropsychological assessment, a major contribution to a differential diagnosis, as well as to the level of psychological intervention. Therefore, investment in psychological promotion and intervention programs in PHD is considered an added value.
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Keywords
Autoeficácia Capital Psicológico Positivo Distress Psicológico Esperança Mal-Estar Otimismo Resiliência