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Adriano Moreira e o império português
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O trabalho que desenvolvemos no âmbito da relação vivenciada entre o Prof. Doutor Adriano Moreira e o Estado Novo na vertente de resolução da questão ultramarina a partir do final da Segunda Guerra Mundial assenta, justamente, na tentativa que fizemos de identificação das linhas fundamentais que nortearam o papel do Professor. Este teve uma acção enquanto ideólogo, assumindo o lusotropicalismo de Gilberto Freyre, mas, de igual modo, desenvolveu um papel de diplomata integrando as delegações que, no estrangeiro, nomeadamente na ONU, tentaram legitimar a posse das Províncias Ultramarinas por parte de Portugal. Quanto à acção de ideólogo, há que reafirmar o papel de reformador, nomeadamente na questão do Sistema Prisional Ultramarino, ou, com maior repercussão, a revogação do estatuto do Indígena. Já no papel de diplomata, devemos realçar a inteligência e a antecipação que o Professor demonstrou nas Nações Unidas ao antever uma evolução lógica da situação colonial portuguesa. A interpretação quer da composição da ONU, onde prevaleciam as potências vencedoras guerra, quer da evolução dos equilíbrios que, naquela Organização, se iam gerando, fizeram de Adriano Moreira um dos homens com maior conhecimento do mundo e da sua evolução nas décadas de 1960 e de 1970. Defensor acérrimo da autonomia progressiva das Províncias Ultramarinas portuguesas, empreendeu, enquanto ministro, reformas de extrema importância, entre as quais as que já destacámos neste texto. Para além dessas, importa referenciar a criação de várias escolas no Ultramar, incluindo os Estudos Superiores Universitários. Pretendia, assim, criar uma elite instruída que pudesse tomar em suas mãos o futuro daqueles territórios. A luta pelo poder tinha começado nos inícios dos anos sessenta do século XX. Tentava-se identificar, entre os mais próximos, aquele que viria a ser o sucessor do presidente do Conselho – Oliveira Salazar. Franco Nogueira, Marcello Caetano e também Adriano Moreira eram apontados como delfins do velho chefe do governo. Entretanto, apesar de embrenhados na guerra ultramarina, os militares não ficavam de fora desta luta pelo poder. O Novíssimo Príncipe apertava o cerco aos ministros civis e isso aconteceu com o ministro do Ultramar – Adriano Moreira. Acabaria por se demitir quando Salazar lhe comunica que, tendo receio das acções dos militares e não tendo a garantia de poder continuar no comando do regime, era obrigado a abandonar as reformas iniciadas pelo ministro do Ultramar, Adriano Moreira. Após este acontecimento, verificou-se um retrocesso enorme na evolução das Províncias Ultramarinas. Defensor incondicional da língua portuguesa, Adriano Moreira recusa qualquer tipo de acordo normativo para a mesma que unificaria todas as formas de escrita nas diferentes latitudes onde diferentes povos falam o português. O Professor usa, amiúde, uma expressão por si criada e que se tornou já bandeira dos defensores da língua lusa: “A língua não é nossa, também é nossa”. Moreira defende que a língua, depois de entregue aos povos que a passam a ter como língua oficial, passa a evoluir de acordo com influências próprias de cada lugar e com as influências endógenas e exógenas que sobre ela se exercem. Adriano Moreira apostou, cedo na necessidade e na validade da criação de uma Comuni- dade de Países de Língua Portuguesa, ainda enquanto Presidente da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Depois foi o Brasil quem criou a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa. O grande papel na criação da CPLP coube, sem dúvida, ao brasileiro Jorge Aparecido de Oliveira. O Professor acreditou, e acredita ainda, que esta organização de países falantes do português constitui uma janela de liberdade para Portugal e para a Europa. Esse núcleo de países deve tornar-se um potentado económico e um espaço de liberdade que marque, definitivamente, o Atlântico Sul. Portugal deve constituir uma ponte de passagem entre o mundo marítimo na África, nas Américas e mesmo no Oriente e a velha Europa, cujo euromundismo desaparecera há muito. De forma clara, Adriano Moreira assume que se não tivesse saído do Ministério do Ultramar e, em consequência, abandonado as reformas em curso, e, ao mesmo tempo, tivesse sucedido a Salazar, a guerra no Ultramar teria tido um fim rápido, negociado e sem que se perpetuassem cicatrizes profundas como aconteceu. Ao mesmo tempo, esclarece que a evolução de Portugal para a democracia ter-se-ia verificado sem sobressaltos. A transição que o Professor fez do Estado Novo para a Democracia foi calma e com a assunção dos valores democráticos que lhe foram propostos. De certa forma, eles encaixavam nos valores do respeito cristão pela pessoa humana, o que deu alguma paz ao futuro Presidente do CDS. Moreira mantém-se extremamente interessado pelos temas actuais, internos e externos, o que lhe permite emitir claras opiniões sobre os mesmos. Continua a sonhar para Portugal um futuro auspicioso que passará, sem dúvida, por uma grande viragem deste país para o Atlântico.
The work we have developed regarding the relationship experienced between Professor Adriano Moreira and the Second Portuguese Republic (Estado Novo) in relation to the resolution of the overseas question as from the end of the second world war, is exactly based on the attempt we made to identify the fundamental lines the guided the Professor’s role. He played the part of ideologist, assuming the Lusotropicalism of Gilberto Freyre, but, similarly he developed a role as a diplomat by integrating the delegations abroad, namely the UN, attempting to legitimize the possession of the overseas provinces in Portugal’s name. As far as his action as an ideologist, we need to reaffirm the role of reformer, namely in the issue of the Overseas Prison System, or with greater repercussions, the revocation of the Indigenous status. As a diplomat, we should emphasize the Professor’s intelligence and the anticipation shown at the United Nations, foreseeing a logical evolution of the Portuguese Colonial Situation. The interpretation both of the composition of the UN (where victorious power wars prevailed) and the evolution of the equilibria that the Organization would generate, made Adriano Moreira one of the men with the greater knowledge of the world and its evolution in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Staunch supporter of the progressive autonomy of the Portuguese Provinces Overseas, as minister, he undertook extremely important reforms among which the ones already highlighted in this text. Furthermore, the establishment of various schools overseas, including Higher Education Universities should be noted. In this way, he intended to create an educated elite who could take the future of these territories into their own hands. The fight for power had begun in the beginning of the sixties in the 2oth century. Among those closest, an attempt was made to identify the one who would be Oliveira Salazar, the Prime Minister’s successor. Franco Nogueira, Marcello Caetano and also Adriano Moreira were names put forward as the political heirs of the old head of government. Meanwhile, despite being caught up in the war overseas, the military did not stay out of this power struggle. The New Prince/ Novíssimo Príncipe tightened the circle against civil ministers and this happened with the Overseas Minister – Adriano Moreira. He eventually resigned when Salazar informs him that fearing military action and not having the guarantee of being able to continue in charge of the regime, he was forced to abandon the reforms initiated by the Overseas Minister, Adriano Moreira. Following this event, a huge step backwards in the evolution of the provinces overseas took place. Unconditional defender of the Portuguese language, Adriano Moreira refuses any kind of legal agreement which would unify all forms of writing in different latitudes where different people speak Portuguese. The Professor often uses an expression he himself created and which has become a flag flown by the defenders of the Portuguese language. “The language is not ours, it is also ours.” Moreira defends that after a language is handed to the people who will use it as an official language, it begins to evolve according to the influences of each place and the endogenous and exogenous influences that are exerted on it. Very soon Adriano Moreira invested on the need and validation in what concerns the creation of a Community of Portuguese Languages, while he was, still, the President of the Lisbon Geography Society. Later on, it was Brasil that created the Community of Portuguese Languages. The major role on the CPLP Foundation was, doubtless, played by the brasilian Jorge Aparecido de Oliveira. The Professor believed and still believes that this organization of Portuguese speaking countries constitutes a window of freedom for Portugal and Europe. These core countries must become an economic potentate and a space of freedom that definitely marks the South Atlantic. Portugal should be a bridge crossing between the maritime worlds in Africa, The Americas, even in the East and the old Europe where the European World has long gone. Clearly and unequivocal manner, Adriano Moreira assumes that if he had not left the Overseas Ministry, consequently abandoning the ongoing reforms and at the same time succeeded Salazar, the overseas war would have had a quicker negotiated end, without the perpetuation of deep scars. At the same time, he clarifies that the evolution of Portugal towards democracy would have occurred smoothly. The transition the Professor carried out from the Estado Novo to Democracy was calm, without alarms and with the assumption of the democratic values that were proposed. In a way, they fit in with the Christian values of respect for the human being which brought some peace to the future President of CDS. Moreira maintains extreme interest in current affairs, both internal and external, which allows him to articulate clear opinions on these issues. He continues to dream about an auspicious future for Portugal, which undoubtedly will include a new turning point of this country towards the Atlantic.
The work we have developed regarding the relationship experienced between Professor Adriano Moreira and the Second Portuguese Republic (Estado Novo) in relation to the resolution of the overseas question as from the end of the second world war, is exactly based on the attempt we made to identify the fundamental lines the guided the Professor’s role. He played the part of ideologist, assuming the Lusotropicalism of Gilberto Freyre, but, similarly he developed a role as a diplomat by integrating the delegations abroad, namely the UN, attempting to legitimize the possession of the overseas provinces in Portugal’s name. As far as his action as an ideologist, we need to reaffirm the role of reformer, namely in the issue of the Overseas Prison System, or with greater repercussions, the revocation of the Indigenous status. As a diplomat, we should emphasize the Professor’s intelligence and the anticipation shown at the United Nations, foreseeing a logical evolution of the Portuguese Colonial Situation. The interpretation both of the composition of the UN (where victorious power wars prevailed) and the evolution of the equilibria that the Organization would generate, made Adriano Moreira one of the men with the greater knowledge of the world and its evolution in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Staunch supporter of the progressive autonomy of the Portuguese Provinces Overseas, as minister, he undertook extremely important reforms among which the ones already highlighted in this text. Furthermore, the establishment of various schools overseas, including Higher Education Universities should be noted. In this way, he intended to create an educated elite who could take the future of these territories into their own hands. The fight for power had begun in the beginning of the sixties in the 2oth century. Among those closest, an attempt was made to identify the one who would be Oliveira Salazar, the Prime Minister’s successor. Franco Nogueira, Marcello Caetano and also Adriano Moreira were names put forward as the political heirs of the old head of government. Meanwhile, despite being caught up in the war overseas, the military did not stay out of this power struggle. The New Prince/ Novíssimo Príncipe tightened the circle against civil ministers and this happened with the Overseas Minister – Adriano Moreira. He eventually resigned when Salazar informs him that fearing military action and not having the guarantee of being able to continue in charge of the regime, he was forced to abandon the reforms initiated by the Overseas Minister, Adriano Moreira. Following this event, a huge step backwards in the evolution of the provinces overseas took place. Unconditional defender of the Portuguese language, Adriano Moreira refuses any kind of legal agreement which would unify all forms of writing in different latitudes where different people speak Portuguese. The Professor often uses an expression he himself created and which has become a flag flown by the defenders of the Portuguese language. “The language is not ours, it is also ours.” Moreira defends that after a language is handed to the people who will use it as an official language, it begins to evolve according to the influences of each place and the endogenous and exogenous influences that are exerted on it. Very soon Adriano Moreira invested on the need and validation in what concerns the creation of a Community of Portuguese Languages, while he was, still, the President of the Lisbon Geography Society. Later on, it was Brasil that created the Community of Portuguese Languages. The major role on the CPLP Foundation was, doubtless, played by the brasilian Jorge Aparecido de Oliveira. The Professor believed and still believes that this organization of Portuguese speaking countries constitutes a window of freedom for Portugal and Europe. These core countries must become an economic potentate and a space of freedom that definitely marks the South Atlantic. Portugal should be a bridge crossing between the maritime worlds in Africa, The Americas, even in the East and the old Europe where the European World has long gone. Clearly and unequivocal manner, Adriano Moreira assumes that if he had not left the Overseas Ministry, consequently abandoning the ongoing reforms and at the same time succeeded Salazar, the overseas war would have had a quicker negotiated end, without the perpetuation of deep scars. At the same time, he clarifies that the evolution of Portugal towards democracy would have occurred smoothly. The transition the Professor carried out from the Estado Novo to Democracy was calm, without alarms and with the assumption of the democratic values that were proposed. In a way, they fit in with the Christian values of respect for the human being which brought some peace to the future President of CDS. Moreira maintains extreme interest in current affairs, both internal and external, which allows him to articulate clear opinions on these issues. He continues to dream about an auspicious future for Portugal, which undoubtedly will include a new turning point of this country towards the Atlantic.
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Moreira, Adriano, 1922 - Estado Novo Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa - História Estado Novo - Império do Ultramar - Portugal Estado Novo - Luso-tropicalismo - Portugal Portugal - Províncias ultramarinas - 1945 Portugal - Colonialismo - 1945