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Authors
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Abstract(s)
O atual relatório encontra-se dividido em três capítulos.
O Capítulo I diz respeito ao estágio de Farmácia Hospitalar que decorreu entre 26 de Janeiro de 2015 e 20 de Março de 2015 no Centro Hospitalar do Médio Tejo, sob a orientação da Dra. Carla Oliveira. Este estágio veio não só complementar a minha formação, dando-me a conhecer uma outra vertente da profissão farmacêutica, como também permitiu a aprendizagem de novos conhecimentos e o contacto com novas situações clínicas. Com este capítulo pretende-se a descrição de todas as atividades em que estive envolvida, durante o período de estágio.
O Capítulo II relata o estágio de Farmácia Comunitária decorrido entre 23 de Março de 2015 e 13 de Junho de 2015, na Farmácia Higiene de Torres Novas, sob a orientação da Dra. Rita Aurélio Barroso. Aqui tive a oportunidade de contactar com várias situações que fazem parte do dia-a-dia do farmacêutico comunitário, tendo-me sido dada autonomia, por parte da equipa técnica, para resolver alguns dos problemas com que me deparei. Este estágio permitiu-me também perceber a importância do farmacêutico comunitário como elo de ligação entre o doente e os cuidados básicos de saúde. Neste capítulo serão descritas as atividades desenvolvidas durante o tempo de estágio.
Por fim, o Capítulo III diz respeito à investigação realizada no âmbito da revisão bibliográfica sobre a prevalência de asma em idosos, na Europa, nos últimos 30 anos. A asma é uma doença que se caracteriza por uma inflamação crónica das vias respiratórias e por episódios frequentes de dispneia, sibilância, pressão torácica e tosse, associados a limitações variáveis do fluxo expiratório. Todos os anos, aproximadamente 250 000 mortes são atribuídas à asma, estimando-se que até 2025 mais 100 milhões de pessoas tenham a doença. Para a realização do diagnóstico é necessário o acesso ao historial clínico do doente, bem como a realização de exames físicos e testes da função pulmonar.
A população idosa encontra-se pouco estudada, pois esta é uma patologia geralmente associada a crianças e adolescentes, assim sendo o principal objetivo desta revisão foi a avaliação das tendências da asma em idosos, nos últimos 30 anos, pretendendo-se também confirmar se a prevalência desta patologia está a aumentar, e se é maior no sexo feminino. Para tal foram utilizados 24 artigos contendo prevalências de asma de 16 países.
Esta revisão permitiu verificar a existência de países europeus com elevada prevalência de asma em idosos, estando a Finlândia (11,4%), Macedónia (10,5%), e Reino Unido (12,3%) entre os que apresentam os maiores valores, após o ano 2000. Observou-se também a inexistência de tendências gerais da prevalência de asma, por toda a europa, uma vez que esta patologia aumentou ao longo do tempo na Finlândia, no Reino Unido e em França, estabilizou na Suécia, e diminuiu na Alemanha e Itália. Por outro lado, verificou-se uma predominância da asma em idosos do sexo feminino.
A verdadeira prevalência de asma, em cada país, é difícil de determinar, devido à inexistência de um teste único de diagnóstico, específico para a patologia, à utilização de diferentes métodos de recolha de dados, e à atual aplicação de métodos distintos na classificação da doença, o que faz com que existam disparidades entre os vários países no que toca à interpretação dos sintomas.
Em suma, não se constataram tendências gerais dos dados de prevalência, uma vez que cada país apresenta conclusões muito próprias e com difícil generalização para toda a população europeia, tendo-se no entanto verificado o aumento, estabilização e diminuição da prevalência de asma nos países supracitados, bem como a predominância da patologia em idosos do sexo feminino.
The present report is divided in three chapters. Chapter I concerns the internship in hospital pharmacy, which took place between January 26th and March 20th of 2015 at the Médio Tejo Hospital Centre (CHMT), under the guidance of Dra. Carla Oliveira. This internship not only complemented my education, allowing me to take acquaintance with a new side of the pharmaceutical profession, but also enabled me to learn new concepts, as well as contact with new clinical situations. The aim of this chapter is to describe all the activities in which I was involved, during that time. Chapter II describes the internship in Community Pharmacy set between March 23rd and June 13th of 2015. It was held at Higiene Pharmacy in Torres Novas, under the guidance of Dra. Rita Aurélio Barroso. Once there I had the opportunity of engaging several situations, which are part of the daily routine of any community pharmacist, and also given, by the technical team, autonomy to address some of the problems I came across. This traineeship also allowed me to understand the importance of community pharmacists as a link between the patient and the primary health care. This report will describe the activities developed during the internship. Finally, Chapter III relates to the investigation in the framework of the review on prevalence of asthma in the elderly, living in Europe, in the last 30 years. Asthma is a disease that is characterized by a chronical inflammation of the airways, and by frequent episodes of dyspnoea, wheezing, chest tightness and cough, along with variable expiratory flow limitations. Every year, approximately 250 000 deaths are caused by asthma, and it is estimated that by 2025 there will be 100 million more people with this pathology. In order to make the diagnosis, it is necessary to access the patient's clinical history as well as perform physical exams and pulmonary function tests. There is a lack of information about asthma´s prevalence in the elderly population due to the fact that, this illness is generally associated with children and adolescents. Therefore the main goal of this review is to verify the tendencies of asthma in the elderly, in the last 30 years, as well as confirm if the prevalence of this disease is increasing, and if it is superior amongst women. For that, there were used 24 articles containing prevalence’s of asthma, of 16 countries. This review allowed to verify the existence of european countries with high prevalence of asthma in the elderly, with Finland (11,4%), Macedonia (10,5%), and United Kingdom (12,3%), amongst those with the highest values, after the year of 2000. On the other hand, there were countries where it was possible to observe tendencies for the last 30 years. Finland, United Kingdom and France exhibited an increase in the prevalence of asthma, whereas Sweden displayed a stabilization, and Germany and Italy showed a decrease. Asthma in the elderly was found to be more prevalent in elderly women. The true prevalence of asthma is difficult to determine due to the inexistence of a unique diagnosis test, specific for the pathology, the utilization of different methods for gathering information, and the application of distinct processes for classifying the pathology. In conclusion, there are no general trends of prevalence since each country has their very own conclusions, which are difficult to generalize to all people living in Europe. Nonetheless, it was perceived an increase, stabilization and decrease of prevalence in the countries previously referred, as well as a predominance of asthma in elderly females.
The present report is divided in three chapters. Chapter I concerns the internship in hospital pharmacy, which took place between January 26th and March 20th of 2015 at the Médio Tejo Hospital Centre (CHMT), under the guidance of Dra. Carla Oliveira. This internship not only complemented my education, allowing me to take acquaintance with a new side of the pharmaceutical profession, but also enabled me to learn new concepts, as well as contact with new clinical situations. The aim of this chapter is to describe all the activities in which I was involved, during that time. Chapter II describes the internship in Community Pharmacy set between March 23rd and June 13th of 2015. It was held at Higiene Pharmacy in Torres Novas, under the guidance of Dra. Rita Aurélio Barroso. Once there I had the opportunity of engaging several situations, which are part of the daily routine of any community pharmacist, and also given, by the technical team, autonomy to address some of the problems I came across. This traineeship also allowed me to understand the importance of community pharmacists as a link between the patient and the primary health care. This report will describe the activities developed during the internship. Finally, Chapter III relates to the investigation in the framework of the review on prevalence of asthma in the elderly, living in Europe, in the last 30 years. Asthma is a disease that is characterized by a chronical inflammation of the airways, and by frequent episodes of dyspnoea, wheezing, chest tightness and cough, along with variable expiratory flow limitations. Every year, approximately 250 000 deaths are caused by asthma, and it is estimated that by 2025 there will be 100 million more people with this pathology. In order to make the diagnosis, it is necessary to access the patient's clinical history as well as perform physical exams and pulmonary function tests. There is a lack of information about asthma´s prevalence in the elderly population due to the fact that, this illness is generally associated with children and adolescents. Therefore the main goal of this review is to verify the tendencies of asthma in the elderly, in the last 30 years, as well as confirm if the prevalence of this disease is increasing, and if it is superior amongst women. For that, there were used 24 articles containing prevalence’s of asthma, of 16 countries. This review allowed to verify the existence of european countries with high prevalence of asthma in the elderly, with Finland (11,4%), Macedonia (10,5%), and United Kingdom (12,3%), amongst those with the highest values, after the year of 2000. On the other hand, there were countries where it was possible to observe tendencies for the last 30 years. Finland, United Kingdom and France exhibited an increase in the prevalence of asthma, whereas Sweden displayed a stabilization, and Germany and Italy showed a decrease. Asthma in the elderly was found to be more prevalent in elderly women. The true prevalence of asthma is difficult to determine due to the inexistence of a unique diagnosis test, specific for the pathology, the utilization of different methods for gathering information, and the application of distinct processes for classifying the pathology. In conclusion, there are no general trends of prevalence since each country has their very own conclusions, which are difficult to generalize to all people living in Europe. Nonetheless, it was perceived an increase, stabilization and decrease of prevalence in the countries previously referred, as well as a predominance of asthma in elderly females.
Description
Keywords
Europa Farmácia Comunitária Farmácia Hospitalar Idosos Prevalência de Asma