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Com o intuito de criar profissionais de saúde cada vez mais informados a elaboração de uma dissertação de mestrado e de relatórios subordinados ao estágio curricular, é uma parte integrante do plano de estudos do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas (MICF) da Universidade da Beira Interior. Assim, metodologicamente este trabalho divide-se em três capítulos.
O primeiro capítulo, inserido na vertente de investigação, surge como resultado da elaboração de trabalho de campo mediante a realização de entrevistas com um inquérito etnobotânico semiestruturado. A utilização de plantas medicinais, devido às suas virtudes curativas, e a transmissão do conhecimento associado às suas características foi divulgado entre as mais antigas civilizações. Tal como em todo o continente Europeu, Portugal tem enraizadas culturas e costumes de medicina tradicional que foram transmitidos ao longo de gerações. Atualmente, é na sociedade rural que estes conhecimentos ainda se encontram enraizados, daí ser fundamental a realização de trabalho de recolha de informações que permitam preservar os conhecimentos ancestrais associados à utilização das plantas. A etnobotânica, apresenta-se, assim, como uma ciência multidisciplinar que visa o estudo da interação entre o homem e a planta, incluindo as influências que as plantas desempenham na vida do homem. Este conhecimento da utilização que o homem dá às plantas pode desempenhar um papel muito importante para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. Deste modo, é importante que ocorra a integração do conhecimento obtido através de estudos etnobotânicos com o obtido através de estudos fitoquímicos e farmacológicos, permitindo não apenas o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, mas também demonstrar o valor de algumas plantas, alertar para efeitos secundários que lhes possam estar associados, e ainda preservar o conhecimento etnográfico do povo de determinada região.
O estudo desta dissertação de mestrado, incidiu sobre cinco concelhos do distrito de Vila Real, inserido na região de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Foram realizadas 100 entrevistas, que ocorreram maioritariamente em aldeias, feiras e mercados que decorrem nesta região do país em dias específicos. A análise estatística demonstrou que 78% dos entrevistados eram do género feminino, habitantes de zonas rurais e com uma idade média de 61 anos, o que revelou estar de acordo com o perfil dos entrevistados relatado na literatura consultada. Com as entrevistas foram registadas características de 29 plantas diferentes distribuídas por 23 famílias. As plantas medicinais mencionadas pelos entrevistados tinham como principais fins farmacológicos o tratamento de doenças do sistema digestivo, do sistema respiratório, doenças da pele e do sistema urinário. De uma forma geral, todos os entrevistados mencionaram a infusão e decocção como forma de administração das plantas mencionadas. Dada a quantidade de vezes mencionadas são de destacar a erva-cidreira, a tília, a carqueja, a videira, o milho e as malvas, cujas utilizações dadas na medicina popular são corroboradas pela literatura existente. A erosão do conhecimento etnobotânico verificado durante a realização das entrevistas vem mais uma vez demonstrar a importância da realização deste género de estudo enquanto forma não apenas de preservar o conhecimento etnográfico de uma região, mas também enquanto força motriz para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos.
Os segundo e terceiro capítulos correspondem aos relatórios de estágio realizados no âmbito da farmácia hospitalar e da farmácia comunitária, respetivamente. O estágio curricular em farmácia hospitalar, realizado no Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, EPE, foi importante para o aumento da consciencialização da importância do farmacêutico em ambiente hospitalar. Por outro lado, o estágio em farmácia comunitária, realizado na Farmácia Montezelos em Vila Real, permitiu desenvolver as relações humanas e interpessoais necessárias para o relacionamento farmacêutico-utente. De uma forma geral, ambos os estágios curriculares tiveram como denominador comum a aplicação dos conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo do MICF e a aquisição de novos conhecimentos essenciais para o crescimento enquanto futura profissional farmacêutica.
In order to create more informed health professionals, the preparation of a master's degree dissertation and reports subordinated to the curricular internship is an integral part of the study plan of the Integrated Masters in Pharmaceutical Sciences (MICF) of the University of Beira Interior. Thus, methodologically, this work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter, inserted in the research section, arises as a result of the fieldwork through interviews, with a semi-structured ethnobotanical survey. The use of medicinal plants, due to their curative virtues, and the transmission of knowledge associated to their characteristics was revealed among the oldest civilizations. As in the whole European continent, Portugal has deep-rooted cultures and customs of traditional medicine that have been passed along generations. It is nowadays in rural society that this knowledge is still embedded; hence it is fundamental to carry out work to gather information to preserve the ancestral knowledge associated with the use of plants. Ethnobotany thus presents itself as a multidisciplinary science that seeks to study the interaction between man and the plant, including the influences that plants play in human’s life. This knowledge of man's use of plants can play a very important role in the development of new drugs. Thus, it is important to integrate the knowledge obtained through ethnobotanical studies with that obtained through phytochemical and pharmacological studies, allowing not only the development of new drugs, but also the demonstration of the value of some plants, to alert to side effects that can be associated, and still preserve the ethnographic knowledge of a certain region. The study of this master's thesis focused on five counties of the district of Vila Real, inserted in the region of “Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro”. There were 100 interviews, which occurred mostly in villages, fairs and markets that take place in this region of the country on specific days. Statistical analysis showed that 78% of the interviewees were female, living in rural areas and with a mean age of 61 years, which was in accordance with the profile of the interviewees reported in the consulted literature. With the interviews were registered characteristics of 29 different plants distributed by 23 families. The medicinal plants mentioned by the interviewees had as main pharmacological purposes the treatment of diseases of the digestive system, the respiratory system, the urinary system, and skin diseases. In general, all the interviewees mentioned the infusion and decoction as a form of administration of the mentioned plants. Given the number of times stated, it is worth mentioning the lemon balm, the linden tree, the “carqueja”, the vine, the corn and the mallows, whose uses given in folk medicine are supported by the existing literature. The erosion of the ethnobotanical knowledge verified during the interviews once again demonstrates the importance of carrying out this type of study as a way of preserving the ethnographic knowledge of a region and as a driving force for the development of new medicines. The second and third chapters correspond to the internship reports carried out within the scope of the hospital pharmacy and community pharmacy, respectively. The curricular internship in hospital pharmacy, carried out at “Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, EPE”, was important to increase the awareness of the pharmacist's importance in hospital environment. On the other hand, the internship in community pharmacy, held at “Farmácia Montezelos” in Vila Real, allowed the development of the human and interpersonal relationships required for the pharmaceutical-user relationship. In general, both curricular stages had as a common denominator the application of the knowledge acquired throughout the MICF and the acquisition of new knowledge essential to grow as a future pharmaceutical professional.
In order to create more informed health professionals, the preparation of a master's degree dissertation and reports subordinated to the curricular internship is an integral part of the study plan of the Integrated Masters in Pharmaceutical Sciences (MICF) of the University of Beira Interior. Thus, methodologically, this work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter, inserted in the research section, arises as a result of the fieldwork through interviews, with a semi-structured ethnobotanical survey. The use of medicinal plants, due to their curative virtues, and the transmission of knowledge associated to their characteristics was revealed among the oldest civilizations. As in the whole European continent, Portugal has deep-rooted cultures and customs of traditional medicine that have been passed along generations. It is nowadays in rural society that this knowledge is still embedded; hence it is fundamental to carry out work to gather information to preserve the ancestral knowledge associated with the use of plants. Ethnobotany thus presents itself as a multidisciplinary science that seeks to study the interaction between man and the plant, including the influences that plants play in human’s life. This knowledge of man's use of plants can play a very important role in the development of new drugs. Thus, it is important to integrate the knowledge obtained through ethnobotanical studies with that obtained through phytochemical and pharmacological studies, allowing not only the development of new drugs, but also the demonstration of the value of some plants, to alert to side effects that can be associated, and still preserve the ethnographic knowledge of a certain region. The study of this master's thesis focused on five counties of the district of Vila Real, inserted in the region of “Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro”. There were 100 interviews, which occurred mostly in villages, fairs and markets that take place in this region of the country on specific days. Statistical analysis showed that 78% of the interviewees were female, living in rural areas and with a mean age of 61 years, which was in accordance with the profile of the interviewees reported in the consulted literature. With the interviews were registered characteristics of 29 different plants distributed by 23 families. The medicinal plants mentioned by the interviewees had as main pharmacological purposes the treatment of diseases of the digestive system, the respiratory system, the urinary system, and skin diseases. In general, all the interviewees mentioned the infusion and decoction as a form of administration of the mentioned plants. Given the number of times stated, it is worth mentioning the lemon balm, the linden tree, the “carqueja”, the vine, the corn and the mallows, whose uses given in folk medicine are supported by the existing literature. The erosion of the ethnobotanical knowledge verified during the interviews once again demonstrates the importance of carrying out this type of study as a way of preserving the ethnographic knowledge of a region and as a driving force for the development of new medicines. The second and third chapters correspond to the internship reports carried out within the scope of the hospital pharmacy and community pharmacy, respectively. The curricular internship in hospital pharmacy, carried out at “Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, EPE”, was important to increase the awareness of the pharmacist's importance in hospital environment. On the other hand, the internship in community pharmacy, held at “Farmácia Montezelos” in Vila Real, allowed the development of the human and interpersonal relationships required for the pharmaceutical-user relationship. In general, both curricular stages had as a common denominator the application of the knowledge acquired throughout the MICF and the acquisition of new knowledge essential to grow as a future pharmaceutical professional.
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Keywords
Etnobotânica Etnofarmacologia Farmácia Comunitária. Farmácia Hospitalar Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro