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Authors
Abstract(s)
O médico como bom profissional é aquele que, usando os meios corretos, atinge os fins da
medicina - o melhor para o doente e para estabelecer a sua saúde e, quando não é possível,
prestar os melhores cuidados com dignidade.
Com a evolução da tecnologia, a medicina conseguiu aumentar a esperança de vida, só que
nem sempre com qualidade, tendo, sim, melhorado a forma de curar as pessoas e de as
manter com vida. Centrada no curar e esquecida do cuidar, a medicina passou a confrontarse com dilemas crescentes nas questões relativas ao fim de vida, nomeadamente adequação
da manutenção artificial da vida, condições médicas em que tratamentos curativos seriam
considerados extraordinários ou desadequados, e desproporcionados e limites impostos à
prática médica no momento de respeitar a vontade dos pacientes. No uso da sua autonomia,
os doentes no fim das suas vidas ou com doenças incuráveis, pedem para serem mortos,
utilizando de forma errada o conceito de Morte Medicamente Assistida, no sentido de
“Eutanásia” ou “Suicídio Medicamente Assistido”. Este conceito de Morte Medicamente
Assistida tem-se associado ao conceito de “boa morte”, que se refere a um fim de vida com
dignidade e sem sofrimento, apelando ao principio de autonomia desde uma perspetiva
utilitarista da fundamentação filosófica. No âmbito da Eutanásia, este conceito resume-se a
abreviar a vida de um paciente de modo a libertá-lo deste sofrimento terminal, pois
eliminando o sofrimento atingimos o bem máximo. No domínio dos Cuidados Paliativos, a
“boa morte” refere-se a um conjunto de procedimentos, entre eles a sedação paliativa, que
visam minimizar o sofrimento físico, psicossocial e espiritual destes pacientes.
As Diretivas Antecipadas de Vontade na forma de “Testamento Vital” surgem como uma
tentativa de responder a algumas destas questões éticas e jurídicas ao reforçar e respeitar a
autonomia do paciente e, assim, sustentar as opções técnicas tomadas pelos profissionais
de saúde.
The doctor as a good professional is one who, using the right means, achieves the ends of medicine - the best for the patient and to establish their health and, when it is not possible, to provide the best care with dignity. With the evolution of technology, medicine has managed to increase life expectancy, but not always with quality, but has improved the way of curing people and keeping them alive. Focused on curing and neglecting to care, medicine began to face growing dilemmas in matters related to the end of life, namely adequacy of artificial maintenance of life, medical conditions in which curative treatments would be considered extraordinary or inadequate, and disproportionate and limits imposed on medical practice when respecting patients' wishes. When using their autonomy, patients at the end of their lives or with incurable diseases, ask to be killed, using the concept of Medically Assisted Death in the wrong way, in the sense of "Euthanasia" or "Medically Assisted Suicide". This concept of Medically Assisted Death has been associated with the concept of “good death”, which refers to an end of life with dignity and without suffering, appealing to the principle of autonomy from a utilitarian perspective of philosophical foundation. In the scope of Euthanasia, this concept boils down to shortening a patient's life in order to free him from this terminal suffering, because by eliminating suffering, we reach the maximum good. In the field of Palliative Care, "good death" refers to a set of procedures, including palliative sedation, which aim to minimize the physical, psychosocial and spiritual suffering of these patients. The Advanced Directives in the form of Living Wills appear as an attempt to answer some of these ethical and legal questions by reinforcing and respecting the patient's autonomy and, thus, sustaining the technical options taken by health professionals.
The doctor as a good professional is one who, using the right means, achieves the ends of medicine - the best for the patient and to establish their health and, when it is not possible, to provide the best care with dignity. With the evolution of technology, medicine has managed to increase life expectancy, but not always with quality, but has improved the way of curing people and keeping them alive. Focused on curing and neglecting to care, medicine began to face growing dilemmas in matters related to the end of life, namely adequacy of artificial maintenance of life, medical conditions in which curative treatments would be considered extraordinary or inadequate, and disproportionate and limits imposed on medical practice when respecting patients' wishes. When using their autonomy, patients at the end of their lives or with incurable diseases, ask to be killed, using the concept of Medically Assisted Death in the wrong way, in the sense of "Euthanasia" or "Medically Assisted Suicide". This concept of Medically Assisted Death has been associated with the concept of “good death”, which refers to an end of life with dignity and without suffering, appealing to the principle of autonomy from a utilitarian perspective of philosophical foundation. In the scope of Euthanasia, this concept boils down to shortening a patient's life in order to free him from this terminal suffering, because by eliminating suffering, we reach the maximum good. In the field of Palliative Care, "good death" refers to a set of procedures, including palliative sedation, which aim to minimize the physical, psychosocial and spiritual suffering of these patients. The Advanced Directives in the form of Living Wills appear as an attempt to answer some of these ethical and legal questions by reinforcing and respecting the patient's autonomy and, thus, sustaining the technical options taken by health professionals.
Description
Keywords
Autonomia Ética Eutanásia Fim de Vida Testamento Vital