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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Nos últimos anos, a procura por serviços de aviação aumentou significativamente. Tal procura veio evidenciar o estado de saturação com que está a funcionar o Sistema de Gestão do
Tráfego Aéreo português e europeu. Há uma capacidade inadequada, tanto do setor de Controlo de Tráfego Aéreo, como da infraestrutura do aeroporto em si, mas há principalmente
uma má gestão dos recursos disponíveis, nomeadamente do espaço aéreo. É amplamente
reconhecido que, de modo a acomodar o aumento de tráfego, um nível avançado de automatização é necessário.
O presente trabalho interpreta o problema de gestão como um problema de regulação de
capacidade. O nosso objetivo é desenvolver um método de controlo de fluxo de tráfego aéreo,
capaz de regular a capacidade ao nível das secções do espaço e evitar assim a saturação da
TMA (e consequente saturação do aeroporto). Neste contexto, TMA Área Terminal, diz
respeito ao espaço aéreo circundante de um aeroporto, com limites verticais e horizontais
bem definidos.
Estudamos um caso real. Utilizando uma abordagem Euleriana, modelamos o ambiente de
tráfego aéreo entre Madrid e Lisboa. A abordagem Euleriana permite agregar espacialmente
grupos de aeronaves com dinâmicas de voo idênticas, através da divisão do espaço aéreo
em secções, ao invés de estudar a trajetória individual de cada aeronave presente no espaço.
A solução apresentada para o problema de saturação vem sob a forma de fluxos de tráfego
desejados, de saída e de entrada, das secções do espaço. Sabemos que todos os aeroportos
têm uma taxa de aterragem máxima que deve ser respeitada, se queremos evitar saturação.
Assim, desenvolvemos uma estratégia de controlo de fluxo com base na teoria de controlo
robusto de H8. A capacidade da TMA, modelada como sendo a saída controlada do nosso
sistema, deverá ser igual a uma referência teórica de capacidade imposta, durante todo o
período de simulação. Isto garante que, caso existam restrições de capacidade no aeroporto
de destino, estas serão cumpridas.
Os resultados obtidos mostram um controlo capaz de acomodar distúrbios e eficaz a garantir
que o sistema cumpre com as restrições de capacidade impostas. Um sobreesforço inicial
do controlador força a saída a ser superior à referência teórica, mas rapidamemte o sistema
volta à referência desejada, seguindoa. Apesar da estabilização em circuito fechado não ter
sido atingida totalmente no caso prático, o sistema tem um comportamento satisfatório e de
acordo com os objetivos propostos. Mesmo num caso extremo, em que o sistema tem que
seguir a referência teórica imposta, o controlo foi eficiente.
Os resultados sugerem que o método de controlo desenvolvido é eficaz na regulação do fluxo
de tráfego aéreo. Neste contexto, o método proposto poderá ser uma mais valia num ambiente de gestão de fluxo quer seja utilizado de uma forma automática, ou como auxiliar
de decisão dos controladores aéreos durante as suas operações e procedimentos diários de gestão de fluxos de tráfego. Uma aplicação direta do método desenvolvido é a sua utilização
na previsão de saturação das zonas do espaço aéreo. Em 2007 foi lançado o Projeto SESAR,
o qual visa tornar o espaço aéreo e a sua gestão mais flexíveis e eficientes, por meio de novas
tecnologias e um nível elevado de automatização. Neste âmbito, o método desenvolvido seria
uma mais valia, uma vez que está intimamente ligado a uma redução de congestionamento
do espaço aéreo, através de um controlo mais intuitivo e eficaz na previsão de saturação.
In recent years, the demand for aviation services has increased significantly. Such demand came to show the level of saturation which the portuguese and european Air Traffic Management Systems are currently operating in. There’s an inadequate capacity overall, both in the Air Traffic Control sector and in the infrastructure of the airport itself, but mostly there’s a poor management of the available resources, namely airspace. It is recognized that, in order to accomodate the increase in traffic, a high level of automation is required. The present work interprets the management problem as a capacity regulation problem. Our aim is to develop an air traffic flow control method capable of regulating capacity at a sector level and thus avoid TMA overload. In this context, TMA Terminal Manoeuvring Area, refers to the airspace surrounding an airport, with welldefined vertical and horizontal boundaries. We studied a real case. Using an Eulerian approach, we modeled the air traffic environment between Madrid and Lisbon. The Eulerian approach allows for spatially aggregating groups of aircraft with identical flight dynamics, by dividing the airspace into sections, instead of studying the individual trajectory of each aircraft present in the airspace. The presented solution for the saturation problem comes in the form of desired traffic inflow and outflow in each individual airspace sector. We know that all airports have a maximum landing rate capacity that must be respected if we are to avoid saturation. Therefore, we developed a flow control strategy based on the H8 robust control theory. The TMA capacity, modeled as the controlled output of our system, should be equal to a theoretical capacity reference, during the entire simulation period. This ensures that if there are any capacity restrictions at the destination airport, they will be met. The simulation results show a control capable of accommodating disturbances and effective in ensuring that the system complies with the imposed capacity constraints. An initial overshoot of the controller forces the output to be higher than the theoretical reference, but the system quickly returns to the desired reference, following it. Despite the closedloop stability not being fully achieved in the practical case, the system has a satisfactory behavior and in accordance with the proposed objectives. Even in the extreme case example, where the system has to follow an imposed theoretical reference, the control was efficient. The results suggest that the developed control method is effective in regulating air traffic flow. In this context, the proposed method could be of added value in an air traffic flow management environment, either when used automatically, or as a daily decision aid for air traffic controllers during traffic flow management operations. A direct application of the developed method is its use in predicting the saturation of airspace sectors. In 2007 the SESAR Project was launched, which aims to make airspace and its management more flexible and efficient, through new technologies and a high level of automation. In this context, the develope method would be an asset, since it is closely linked to a reduction in airspace congestion, through a more intuitive and effective control in predicting saturation.
In recent years, the demand for aviation services has increased significantly. Such demand came to show the level of saturation which the portuguese and european Air Traffic Management Systems are currently operating in. There’s an inadequate capacity overall, both in the Air Traffic Control sector and in the infrastructure of the airport itself, but mostly there’s a poor management of the available resources, namely airspace. It is recognized that, in order to accomodate the increase in traffic, a high level of automation is required. The present work interprets the management problem as a capacity regulation problem. Our aim is to develop an air traffic flow control method capable of regulating capacity at a sector level and thus avoid TMA overload. In this context, TMA Terminal Manoeuvring Area, refers to the airspace surrounding an airport, with welldefined vertical and horizontal boundaries. We studied a real case. Using an Eulerian approach, we modeled the air traffic environment between Madrid and Lisbon. The Eulerian approach allows for spatially aggregating groups of aircraft with identical flight dynamics, by dividing the airspace into sections, instead of studying the individual trajectory of each aircraft present in the airspace. The presented solution for the saturation problem comes in the form of desired traffic inflow and outflow in each individual airspace sector. We know that all airports have a maximum landing rate capacity that must be respected if we are to avoid saturation. Therefore, we developed a flow control strategy based on the H8 robust control theory. The TMA capacity, modeled as the controlled output of our system, should be equal to a theoretical capacity reference, during the entire simulation period. This ensures that if there are any capacity restrictions at the destination airport, they will be met. The simulation results show a control capable of accommodating disturbances and effective in ensuring that the system complies with the imposed capacity constraints. An initial overshoot of the controller forces the output to be higher than the theoretical reference, but the system quickly returns to the desired reference, following it. Despite the closedloop stability not being fully achieved in the practical case, the system has a satisfactory behavior and in accordance with the proposed objectives. Even in the extreme case example, where the system has to follow an imposed theoretical reference, the control was efficient. The results suggest that the developed control method is effective in regulating air traffic flow. In this context, the proposed method could be of added value in an air traffic flow management environment, either when used automatically, or as a daily decision aid for air traffic controllers during traffic flow management operations. A direct application of the developed method is its use in predicting the saturation of airspace sectors. In 2007 the SESAR Project was launched, which aims to make airspace and its management more flexible and efficient, through new technologies and a high level of automation. In this context, the develope method would be an asset, since it is closely linked to a reduction in airspace congestion, through a more intuitive and effective control in predicting saturation.
Description
Keywords
Área Terminal Capacidade do Espaço Aéreo Congestionamento Fluxo de Tráfego Aéreo H8 Regulação Teoria de Controlo