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Abstract(s)
Introdução: A epidemia do tabagismo em Portugal é um problema de saúde pública
prioritário, com custos económicos, de morbilidade e mortalidade avassaladores. Em 2019,
17,0% da população com 15 ou mais anos era fumadora, e 21,4% era ex-fumadora. Os
profissionais de saúde devem liderar os esforços na negociação política da implementação
de medidas de controlo tabágico, além de estarem na linha da frente em relação ao
aconselhamento proativo para cessar de fumar.
Objetivo: Descrever, caracterizar, analisar e comparar o comportamento tabágico e a
exposição ao fumo ambiental do tabaco (FAT) dos estudantes no último ano das respetivas
licenciaturas ou mestrados integrados, dos cursos de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Enfermagem,
Medicina e Medicina Dentária das universidades nacionais; analisar os fatores associados
ao comportamento tabágico dos finalistas dos cursos de ciências da saúde (ser ou não
fumador); avaliar as opiniões destes estudantes relativamente ao cumprimento da proibição
de fumar nas instalações dos estabelecimentos de ensino e nos serviços de saúde, e
relativamente ao seu papel de modelo e influência no aconselhamento para a cessação
tabágica.
Metodologia: Estudo transversal comparativo, realizado em 2016, através de um
questionário auto preenchido, em papel ou em formato informático, com amostragem de
conveniência, sem aleatorização. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva uni e bivariada, seguida
de uma análise multivariada.
Resultados: Participantes: 2095; idade média de 23,87 ± 3,92 anos; 79,5% do sexo
feminino. A prevalência de fumadores foi 19,4%: 24,1% nos estudantes de sexo masculino;
18,1% nos estudantes de sexo feminino (p = 0,003). O curso de Medicina apresenta a menor
percentagem de fumadores e ex-fumadores (14,5%), com Enfermagem a apresentar a
percentagem mais alta (25,5%), (p <0,001). O consumo tabágico diário era o mais
frequente, sendo o cigarro de maço o produto mais referido. Existe um início de consumo
tabágico regular numa idade precoce. O sexo masculino apresenta um consumo diário de
cigarros superior (p = 0,005) e realiza o primeiro consumo tabágico diário mais cedo (p =
0,004). 88,3% dos participantes apresenta um grau baixo de dependência de nicotina.
43,5% dos fumadores pretende realizar a cessação tabágica em 6 meses; 41,6% pretende
realizá-la em 30 dias. 62,7% dos ex-fumadores cessou o consumo tabágico há mais de um
ano; 92,0% não utilizou qualquer método de apoio. 21,5% e 28,5% dos participantes são
expostos diariamente ao FAT no seu local de residência e em espaços públicos,
respetivamente. Verificaram-se os seguintes fatores associados com ser fumador: ser do sexo masculino; não ser estudante de medicina; estar exposto ao fumo ambiental do tabaco
no local de residência; estar exposto ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em locais além da
residência. A grande maioria dos participantes, 82,0% e 81,9%, concorda que a proibição
regulamentar de fumar é cumprida nos edifícios escolares e nos locais de práticas clínicas,
respetivamente. Aproximadamente metade (53,1%) dos participantes discorda ou está
indecisa com ser menos provável que um profissional de saúde fumador aconselhe os seus
pacientes a deixar de fumar.
Conclusão: Existe uma elevada prevalência de tabagismo e de exposição ao fumo
ambiental de tabaco entre os estudantes universitários de cursos de saúde portugueses,
principalmente nos estudantes do sexo masculino e no curso de enfermagem. Uma minoria
significativa discorda que a proibição regulamentar de fumar é eficaz, quer nos
estabelecimentos de ensino, quer nos serviços de saúde. Existe uma elevada discordância
em relação a ser menos provável que um profissional de saúde fumador aconselhe os seus
pacientes a deixar de fumar. A frequência nos cursos de saúde portugueses não promove a
prevenção ou a cessação do comportamento tabágico nos estudantes, nem a prevenção da
exposição ao fumo ambiental do tabaco. Os estudantes de ciências da saúde e os
profissionais de saúde não incorporam o seu papel de exemplo no controlo do tabagismo e
no aconselhamento para a cessação tabágica. São necessárias mais medidas e o reforço das
já existentes na estratégia de controlo tabágico nacional, devendo-se envolver ativamente
as faculdades de ciências da saúde e os serviços de saúde.
Background: Portugal’s tobacco epidemic is a priority public health problem, due to devastating economic, morbidity and mortality costs. In 2019, 17,0% of the population aged 15 or older were smokers, and 21,4% were ex-smokers. Health professionals must lead the efforts in the political negotiations for the implementation of tobacco control policies, besides being at the forefront of the proactive counselling on smoking cessation. Objective: Describe, characterise, analyse and compare smoking behaviour and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) among finalist university students, namely from Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nursing, Medicine and Dentistry programmes in national universities; analyse factors associated with health science students’ smoking behaviour (being a smoker or not); evaluate students’ opinions regarding the compliance of the smoking ban on education and healthcare buildings, along with their position as role models for smoking cessation counselling. Methodology: Comparative cross-sectional study, carried out in 2016, using a self-report questionnaire, in paper or electronic forms. A convenience sampling was used. A descriptive uni- and bivariate analysis was performed, followed by a multivariate analysis. Results: Participants: 2095; average age 23,87 ± 3,92 years; 79,5% respondents were females. Smoking prevalence was 19,4%: 24,1% on males and 18,1% on females (p = 0,003). The Medicine course showed the smallest proportion of smokers and ex-smokers (14,5%), and the Nursing course the highest (25,5%), (p <0,001). 61,1% of smokers consume daily, with cigarettes being the most mentioned product of use. Regular tobacco consumption starts at an early age. Men show a higher daily cigarette consumption (p = 0,005) and start smoking earlier in the day (p = 0,004). 88,3% of the participants show a low grade of nicotine addiction. 43,5% of the smokers want to quit tobacco in 6 months; 41,6% want to do it in 30 days. 62,7% of the ex-smokers quit tobacco more than a year ago; 92,0% didn’t use a single support method. 21,5% and 28,5% of the participants are daily exposed to SHS in their home or in public spaces, respectively. The following associated factors with being a smoker were found: being of the male sex; not being a medicine student; being exposed to SHS at home or in public spaces. The vast majority of the participants agree that the smoking ban on universities and healthcare buildings is complied with, respectively 82,0% and 81,9%. Approximately half (53,1%) of the participants disagree or are undecided with being less likely that smoking health professionals provide less smoking cessation counselling to their patients. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in Portuguese university students attending health courses, especially in male and nursing students. A significant minority disagrees with the smoking ban being effective, in both education and healthcare buildings. There is a high disagreement in relation to being less likely that smoking healthcare professionals counsel their patients to stop smoking. The attendance in Portuguese health courses does neither promote prevention or cessation of smoking among students, nor prevention of exposure to second-hand smoke. Health science students and healthcare professionals do not embody their position as a role model in tobacco control. More policies are needed, as well as reinforcing the ones already in place, in the national tobacco control strategy; health science universities and healthcare institutions should be actively involved in tobacco control.
Background: Portugal’s tobacco epidemic is a priority public health problem, due to devastating economic, morbidity and mortality costs. In 2019, 17,0% of the population aged 15 or older were smokers, and 21,4% were ex-smokers. Health professionals must lead the efforts in the political negotiations for the implementation of tobacco control policies, besides being at the forefront of the proactive counselling on smoking cessation. Objective: Describe, characterise, analyse and compare smoking behaviour and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) among finalist university students, namely from Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nursing, Medicine and Dentistry programmes in national universities; analyse factors associated with health science students’ smoking behaviour (being a smoker or not); evaluate students’ opinions regarding the compliance of the smoking ban on education and healthcare buildings, along with their position as role models for smoking cessation counselling. Methodology: Comparative cross-sectional study, carried out in 2016, using a self-report questionnaire, in paper or electronic forms. A convenience sampling was used. A descriptive uni- and bivariate analysis was performed, followed by a multivariate analysis. Results: Participants: 2095; average age 23,87 ± 3,92 years; 79,5% respondents were females. Smoking prevalence was 19,4%: 24,1% on males and 18,1% on females (p = 0,003). The Medicine course showed the smallest proportion of smokers and ex-smokers (14,5%), and the Nursing course the highest (25,5%), (p <0,001). 61,1% of smokers consume daily, with cigarettes being the most mentioned product of use. Regular tobacco consumption starts at an early age. Men show a higher daily cigarette consumption (p = 0,005) and start smoking earlier in the day (p = 0,004). 88,3% of the participants show a low grade of nicotine addiction. 43,5% of the smokers want to quit tobacco in 6 months; 41,6% want to do it in 30 days. 62,7% of the ex-smokers quit tobacco more than a year ago; 92,0% didn’t use a single support method. 21,5% and 28,5% of the participants are daily exposed to SHS in their home or in public spaces, respectively. The following associated factors with being a smoker were found: being of the male sex; not being a medicine student; being exposed to SHS at home or in public spaces. The vast majority of the participants agree that the smoking ban on universities and healthcare buildings is complied with, respectively 82,0% and 81,9%. Approximately half (53,1%) of the participants disagree or are undecided with being less likely that smoking health professionals provide less smoking cessation counselling to their patients. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in Portuguese university students attending health courses, especially in male and nursing students. A significant minority disagrees with the smoking ban being effective, in both education and healthcare buildings. There is a high disagreement in relation to being less likely that smoking healthcare professionals counsel their patients to stop smoking. The attendance in Portuguese health courses does neither promote prevention or cessation of smoking among students, nor prevention of exposure to second-hand smoke. Health science students and healthcare professionals do not embody their position as a role model in tobacco control. More policies are needed, as well as reinforcing the ones already in place, in the national tobacco control strategy; health science universities and healthcare institutions should be actively involved in tobacco control.
Description
Keywords
Ciências Farmacêuticas Enfermagem Estudantes Universitários Exposição ao Fumo Ambiental de Tabaco Farmácia Medicina Medicina Dentária Tabaco