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Authors
Abstract(s)
O Comité Olímpico Internacional reconhece o sono como um bem necessário à
saúde mental dos atletas e fundamental para a sua melhor performance. Contudo, não
existem atualmente guidelines validadas para a deteção de distúrbios relacionados com
o sono e sua gestão. Neste sentido, é necessário estudar os fatores que colocam em risco
o atleta para o desenvolvimento de distúrbios do sono e como estes influenciam a
performance, culminando, assim, na obtenção de uma série de estratégias de
otimização para fazer face a esta problemática.
A presente revisão narrativa é baseada na pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de
dados PubMed e ScienceDirect, através dos termos de pesquisa Sleep, Circadian
Rythm, Jet lag, Athlete, e Performance. Os artigos escritos em língua inglesa foram
selecionados desde 2012, com prioridade para artigos de revisão, tendo a escolha
definitiva incidindo sobre o título, resumo e, eventualmente, leitura extensa do artigo.
Numa análise introdutória, confirmou-se que os hábitos de sono dos atletas são
inferiores ao desejado, com repercussão na quantidade e qualidade de sono, visto que
dormem uma média de 7 horas por noite e apresentam uma eficiência do sono de 86%.
Existem vários fatores de risco endógenos e exógenos que condicionam o sono e que
podem prejudicar a performance física e cognitiva, sendo os fatores mais extensamente
estudados relacionados com cronobiologia individual, horários de treino e competição e
síndrome do Jet lag. Observou-se, também, que os efeitos são dependentes da atividade
desportiva praticada, sendo os desportos mais afetados aqueles dependentes de maior
processamento cognitivo, cuja performance é avaliada através da habilidade. Por outro
lado, desportos com maior dependência de força explosiva são menos afetados por
eventuais alterações do sono. Finalmente, verificou-se que a extensão de sono
apresenta benefícios na performance do atleta, sendo o método preferencial a
realização de sestas numa tentativa de compensação do sono perdido.
Considerando a íntima relação entre sono e performance, propõe-se que todos
os atletas sejam rastreados para eventuais distúrbios de sono, através dos questionários
validados para a população, Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire e Athlete Sleep
Screening Questionnaire. Assim, é possível a instituição de medidas, sendo que as
intervenções deverão incluir a gestão de fatores de risco individuais ou específicos do
desporto, e incidir desde o mais básico, como é exemplo a higiene ou a extensão do
sono, e, ainda, avaliação médica com realização de testes diagnósticos, se necessário.
The International Olympic Committee recognizes sleep as necessary for the mental health of athletes and essential for their best performance. However, there are currently no validated guidelines for the detection of sleep-related disorders and their management. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the factors that put athletes at risk for the development of sleep disorders and how such factors can influence their performance, thus allowing to obtain a series of strategies to best cope with this problem. This narrative review is based on bibliographic research in PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, using the search terms Sleep, Circadian Rythm, Jet lag, Athlete, and Performance. The articles were written in English and selected since 2012, given priority to review articles, and the final choice focusing on the title, abstract and, eventually, extensive reading of the article. In an introductory analysis, it was confirmed that the athletes' sleep habits are lower than desired, with repercussions both on the quantity and quality of sleep, since they sleep an average of 7 hours a night and have a sleep efficiency of 86%. There are several endogenous and exogenous risk factors that condition sleep and that can impair physical and cognitive performance, the most extensively studied factors being related to individual chronobiology, training and competition schedules and Jet lag Syndrome. It was also observed that the effects are dependent on the sport activity practiced, with the most affected sports being those dependent on greater cognitive processing, whose performance is assessed through skill. On the other hand, sports with greater dependence on explosive strength are less affected by possible sleep disturbances. Finally, it was verified that the extension of sleep presents benefits in the performance of the athlete, being the preferred method napping in an attempt to make up for the lost sleep. Considering the close relationship between sleep and performance, it is proposed that all athletes should be screened for possible sleep disorders, through the questionnaires validated for the population, such as Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire and Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire. This should allow for measures to be instituted, and the interventions must include the management of individual or sport-specific risk factors, and focus on the most basic, such as hygiene or sleep length, and medical evaluation with specific diagnostic test if necessary.
The International Olympic Committee recognizes sleep as necessary for the mental health of athletes and essential for their best performance. However, there are currently no validated guidelines for the detection of sleep-related disorders and their management. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the factors that put athletes at risk for the development of sleep disorders and how such factors can influence their performance, thus allowing to obtain a series of strategies to best cope with this problem. This narrative review is based on bibliographic research in PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, using the search terms Sleep, Circadian Rythm, Jet lag, Athlete, and Performance. The articles were written in English and selected since 2012, given priority to review articles, and the final choice focusing on the title, abstract and, eventually, extensive reading of the article. In an introductory analysis, it was confirmed that the athletes' sleep habits are lower than desired, with repercussions both on the quantity and quality of sleep, since they sleep an average of 7 hours a night and have a sleep efficiency of 86%. There are several endogenous and exogenous risk factors that condition sleep and that can impair physical and cognitive performance, the most extensively studied factors being related to individual chronobiology, training and competition schedules and Jet lag Syndrome. It was also observed that the effects are dependent on the sport activity practiced, with the most affected sports being those dependent on greater cognitive processing, whose performance is assessed through skill. On the other hand, sports with greater dependence on explosive strength are less affected by possible sleep disturbances. Finally, it was verified that the extension of sleep presents benefits in the performance of the athlete, being the preferred method napping in an attempt to make up for the lost sleep. Considering the close relationship between sleep and performance, it is proposed that all athletes should be screened for possible sleep disorders, through the questionnaires validated for the population, such as Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire and Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire. This should allow for measures to be instituted, and the interventions must include the management of individual or sport-specific risk factors, and focus on the most basic, such as hygiene or sleep length, and medical evaluation with specific diagnostic test if necessary.
Description
Keywords
Banking Sleep Cronotipo Jet Lag Performance Ritmo Circadiano