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Arquitetura da vinha no Douro no quadro das alterações climáticas
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A arquitetura vinícola no Douro vinhateiro enfrenta hoje os desafios da preservação cultural e paisagística da região, bem como os impostos pelas alterações climáticas. A presente dissertação tem como principal objetivo explorar a adoção de práticas arquitetónicas sustentáveis que reduzam os impactos ambientais e valorizem a paisagem cultural do Douro vinhateiro, inscrita na lista do Património Mundial da UNESCO. O Douro, sendo a região vinícola demarcada mais antiga do mundo, encontra-se, como outras regiões de Portugal, a braços com o aumento das temperaturas médias, picos extremos de calor e escassez hídrica, fatores que afetam diretamente a produção vitivinícola e atividades económicas complementares, como o turismo. Esta investigação concentra-se na elaboração de estratégias de eficiência energética, adaptação às alterações climáticas, redução do risco de desastre e promoção da sustentabilidade. A dissertação está estruturada em três partes: a pesquisa teórica, a análise de casos de estudo e o desenvolvimento do projeto prático. A primeira parte aborda os efeitos das alterações climáticas na vitivinicultura e como a arquitetura pode ajudar nessa mitigação. Na segunda parte é realizada uma análise de casos de estudo, onde foram recolhidas obras do sul da Europa, devido a estas partilharem semelhanças climáticas com a região do Douro. A partir destes casos de estudo foram ainda analisadas práticas sustentáveis que serviram de base para a realização do projeto desta dissertação, como a utilização de materiais locais, a construção enterrada para otimização térmica e a adoção de processos de vinificação por gravidade. Por último, a componente prática que consiste no desenvolvimento de uma adega inserida no vale do Douro, na qual apresenta um programa misto que abrange a produção, o lazer e o turismo. O edifício proposto está parcialmente enterrado, de forma a respeitar a morfologia do terreno e a integrar-se na paisagem. Este utiliza materiais característicos da região, como a pedra, juntamente com outros materiais que requerem pouca manutenção. A adega é organizada em diferentes pisos o que permite que os processos de produção do vinho sejam realizados por gravidade, mitigando assim a necessidade de sistemas mecânicos. A combinação da cortiça na composição do betão armado promove a sua sustentabilidade. A localização e a orientação solar do edifício maximizam a utilização de energia passiva, reduzindo assim a necessidade de sistemas artificiais. A proposta inclui ainda soluções como armazenamento de águas pluviais, iluminação e ventilação natural. O projeto arquitetónico insere-se no contexto histórico do Douro, de modo a retratar as antigas infraestruturas da região enquanto oferece soluções contemporâneas. A volumetria e as aberturas no edifício dialogam com a paisagem, ora contrastando, ora mimetizando a envolvente. A dissertação explora, assim, o papel da arquitetura na adaptação às alterações climáticas, preservando uma atividade económica ancestral e valorizando o legado cultural e natural da região
Winery architecture in the Douro wine region today faces the challenges of cultural and landscape preservation in the area, as well as those imposed by climate change. The main objective of this dissertation is to explore the adoption of sustainable architectural practices that reduce environmental impacts and enhance the cultural landscape of the Douro wine region, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Douro, being the oldest demarcated wine region in the world, is, like other regions of Portugal, grappling with rising average temperatures, extreme heat peaks, and water scarcity, factors that directly affect wine production and complementary economic activities, such as tourism. This research focuses on developing strategies for energy efficiency, adaptation to climate change, disaster risk reduction, and promoting sustainability. The dissertation is structured in three parts: the theoretical research, the analysis of case studies, and the development of the practical project. The first part addresses the effects of climate change on viticulture and how architecture can help in its mitigation. In the second part, a case study analysis is conducted, where works from southern Europe were collected due to their climatic similarities with the Douro region. From these case studies, sustainable practices were also analyzed, which served as the basis for the realization of this dissertation project, such as the use of local materials, underground construction for thermal optimization, and the adoption of gravity-based winemaking processes. Lastly, the practical component consists of the development of a winery located in the Douro Valley, which features a mixed program encompassing production, leisure, and tourism. The proposed building is partially buried, in order to respect the terrain's morphology and integrate into the landscape. Moreover, it uses materials characteristic of the region, such as stone, along with other materials that require little maintenance. The winery is organized across different floors, allowing the wine production processes to be carried out by gravity, thereby reducing the need for mechanical systems. The combination of cork in the composition of reinforced concrete promotes its sustainability. The location and solar orientation of the building maximize the use of passive energy, thus reducing the need for artificial systems. Furthermore, the proposal includes solutions such as rainwater harvesting, natural lighting, and ventilation. The architectural project is set within the historical context of the Douro, aiming to depict the region's ancient infrastructures while offering contemporary solutions. The building's volume and openings engage with the landscape, sometimes contrasting, sometimes mimicking the surroundings. The dissertation thus explores the role of architecture in adapting to climate change, preserving an ancestral economic activity, and valuing the cultural and natural heritage of the region.
Winery architecture in the Douro wine region today faces the challenges of cultural and landscape preservation in the area, as well as those imposed by climate change. The main objective of this dissertation is to explore the adoption of sustainable architectural practices that reduce environmental impacts and enhance the cultural landscape of the Douro wine region, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Douro, being the oldest demarcated wine region in the world, is, like other regions of Portugal, grappling with rising average temperatures, extreme heat peaks, and water scarcity, factors that directly affect wine production and complementary economic activities, such as tourism. This research focuses on developing strategies for energy efficiency, adaptation to climate change, disaster risk reduction, and promoting sustainability. The dissertation is structured in three parts: the theoretical research, the analysis of case studies, and the development of the practical project. The first part addresses the effects of climate change on viticulture and how architecture can help in its mitigation. In the second part, a case study analysis is conducted, where works from southern Europe were collected due to their climatic similarities with the Douro region. From these case studies, sustainable practices were also analyzed, which served as the basis for the realization of this dissertation project, such as the use of local materials, underground construction for thermal optimization, and the adoption of gravity-based winemaking processes. Lastly, the practical component consists of the development of a winery located in the Douro Valley, which features a mixed program encompassing production, leisure, and tourism. The proposed building is partially buried, in order to respect the terrain's morphology and integrate into the landscape. Moreover, it uses materials characteristic of the region, such as stone, along with other materials that require little maintenance. The winery is organized across different floors, allowing the wine production processes to be carried out by gravity, thereby reducing the need for mechanical systems. The combination of cork in the composition of reinforced concrete promotes its sustainability. The location and solar orientation of the building maximize the use of passive energy, thus reducing the need for artificial systems. Furthermore, the proposal includes solutions such as rainwater harvesting, natural lighting, and ventilation. The architectural project is set within the historical context of the Douro, aiming to depict the region's ancient infrastructures while offering contemporary solutions. The building's volume and openings engage with the landscape, sometimes contrasting, sometimes mimicking the surroundings. The dissertation thus explores the role of architecture in adapting to climate change, preserving an ancestral economic activity, and valuing the cultural and natural heritage of the region.
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Keywords
Adega Alterações Climáticas Arquitetura Cultura Vitivinícola Douro Vinhateiro Vinho