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Authors
Abstract(s)
A presente dissertação visa investigar e validar a relação ambiental entre as emissões de
dióxido de carbono e os drivers económicos, institucionais e energéticos, considerando na
análise empírica dois períodos, a saber, 2001-2008 e 2009-2019. Esta divisão ocorre para
distinguir um período antes da implementação do Protocolo de Quioto e um período após a
implementação do mesmo. Mais especificamente, considera-se o Produto Interno Bruto per
capita, a Dívida soberana, a Perceção de corrupção, a Incerteza da política económica, o
Consumo de energia renovável e o Consumo de energia fóssil (primária) para 22 países
desenvolvidos e em vias de desenvolvimento, que foram selecionados de acordo com a
informação estatística disponível, para efeitos de análise da relação ambiental da Curva de
Kuznets. A análise empírica usa diferentes modelos econométricos, recorrendo ao estimador
QML (Quasi Maximum likelihood – First Difference) e ao estimador GMM (Generalized
Method of Moments), para aferir da validade da configuração da Curva Ambiental de Kuznets,
em forma de U invertido. O principal objetivo é tentar perceber se existem outras formas
possíveis de descrever a configuração da Curva Ambiental de Kuznets.
As evidências empíricas obtidas apontam no sentido de que todas as variáveis
diminuem face a aumentos nas emissões de CO2 com a exceção da variável do Índice de
Incerteza da Política Económica que apresenta uma relação de tipo positivo. Adicionalmente,
tanto o estimador QML como o estimador GMM, ratificam a observância de uma Curva
Ambiental de Kuznets em forma de U.
This dissertation aims to investigate and validate the environmental relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic, institutional and energy drivers, considering two periods of analysis, namely: 2001-2008; and 2009-2019. This division occurs in order to distinguish a period before the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and a period after its implementation. More specifically, Gross Domestic Product per capita, Sovereign debt, Corruption perception, Economic policy uncertainty, Renewable energy consumption and Fossil energy consumption (primary) are considered for 22 developed and developing countries, which were selected according to the statistical information available for analyzing the Environmental Kuznets curve. The empirical analysis uses different econometric models, by making use of the QML (Quasi Maximum Likelihood - First Difference) estimator and the GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) estimator, for assessing the validity of the inverted U-shaped configuration of the Environmental Kuznets curve. The main objective is to try to understand if there are other possible ways to describe the configuration of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The empirical evidence obtained suggests that all the variables decrease in the face of increases in CO2 emissions, except for the Economic policy uncertainty Index variable, which unveils a positive relationship. In addition, both the QML estimator and the GMM estimator ratify the observance of a U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve.
This dissertation aims to investigate and validate the environmental relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic, institutional and energy drivers, considering two periods of analysis, namely: 2001-2008; and 2009-2019. This division occurs in order to distinguish a period before the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and a period after its implementation. More specifically, Gross Domestic Product per capita, Sovereign debt, Corruption perception, Economic policy uncertainty, Renewable energy consumption and Fossil energy consumption (primary) are considered for 22 developed and developing countries, which were selected according to the statistical information available for analyzing the Environmental Kuznets curve. The empirical analysis uses different econometric models, by making use of the QML (Quasi Maximum Likelihood - First Difference) estimator and the GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) estimator, for assessing the validity of the inverted U-shaped configuration of the Environmental Kuznets curve. The main objective is to try to understand if there are other possible ways to describe the configuration of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The empirical evidence obtained suggests that all the variables decrease in the face of increases in CO2 emissions, except for the Economic policy uncertainty Index variable, which unveils a positive relationship. In addition, both the QML estimator and the GMM estimator ratify the observance of a U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve.
Description
Keywords
Consumo de Energia Renovável Corrupção Crescimento Económico Curva Ambiental de
Kuznets Dívida Soberana Emissões de Co2 Índice de Incerteza da Política Económica