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Abstract(s)
A presente dissertação encontra-se dividida em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo é
referente à vertente de investigação e o segundo capítulo à experiência profissionalizante na
vertente de Farmácia Comunitária. No primeiro capítulo é abordada a temática dos
pesticidas e o desenvolvimento de um método para a sua identificação em amostras de
urina. Os pesticidas são compostos químicos amplamente utilizados a nível mundial,
podendo destacar-se a sua utilização em zonas rurais para controlar e proteger as plantações
agrícolas das pragas de insetos. Os pesticidas organofosforados são um grupo particular
dessas substâncias utilizadas principalmente como inseticidas. Esta família de compostos
atua através da inibição da acetilcolinesterase, e a sua inativação prolonga a ação de
estimulação dos recetores muscarínicos e nicotínicos nos vários sistemas e órgãos,
resultando numa hiperatividade colinérgica. A acetilcolinesterase é comum em insetos e
humanos, pelo que a eficácia destes agentes sobre os insetos é elevada, e uma vez que este
neurotransmissor também se encontra presente nos humanos, os pesticidas
organofosforados representam também um risco de intoxicação para os mesmos. A
toxicidade destes agentes é elevada, sendo as intoxicações agudas o tipo de intoxicação mais
frequente. O aparecimento da sintomatologia pode iniciar-se 5 minutos até algumas horas
após a exposição, dependendo do grau de exposição, das propriedades físico-químicas do
agente e dos excipientes da formulação comercial, bem como da atividade das
acetilcolinesterases. Estes casos de intoxicação ocorrem especialmente em situações de
suicídio ou em contactos acidentais, e na maioria das vezes podem levar à morte dos
indivíduos principalmente por paragem respiratória. Na maioria das situações, os
indivíduos só são socorridos nas unidades hospitalares quando todo o tóxico já se encontra
totalmente distribuído ou na fase de excreção. Por estes motivos, é de grande interesse o
desenvolvimento de métodos que permitam a rápida deteção deste tipo de compostos em
amostras biológicas. Os pesticidas organofosforados selecionados para a realização deste
estudo foram o diazinão, clorpirifos, clorfenvinfos, paratião-etil e quinalfos. Desta forma,
para a otimização da técnica de extração foi feito um estudo univariado e foi utilizada uma
ferramenta estatística para um estudo multivariado, de forma a avaliar os fatores de
extração intervenientes. Assim, as condições finais otimizadas foram: solvente utilizado
(metanol), volume de solvente (3 mL), tempo de secagem (12h) e tempo de extração (25
min). A elevada quantidade de interferentes biológicos existentes na matriz torna a
preparação das amostras um passo fundamental no processo analítico. Desta forma,
procedeu-se à avaliação da sua seletividade, no qual, não foram observadas interferências
dos constituintes da matriz que coeluem com os compostos em estudo e/ou padrão interno. As recuperações variaram entre 0.22% e 32%. O método mostrou ser aplicável à análise de
amostras reais, sendo então uma ferramenta vantajosa no âmbito de análises de toxicologia
clínica.
Como parte do estágio profissionalizante em Farmácia Comunitária tive a oportunidade de
o realizar na Farmácia Matias Pereira de 1 de Fevereiro de 2021 a 11 de Junho de 2021, de
forma a melhor compreender o trabalho do farmacêutico comunitário. Neste capítulo é
descrito o funcionamento geral da farmácia, a apresentação da farmácia, a organização
espacial e recursos humanos. Além disso, são também detalhadas todas as atividades
desempenhadas pelo farmacêutico no contexto de farmácia comunitária, desde a gestão de
produtos, receção de encomendas, dispensa de medicação e o próprio aconselhamento
farmacêutico para uma utilização adequada do medicamento.
The present dissertation is divided into two chapters. The first chapter describes the research component, while the second refers to the traineeship in Community Pharmacy. Pesticides are a family of chemical compounds widely used worldwide, mainly in rural areas to control and protect agricultural crops from insect pests. Organophosphorus pesticides are a particular group of these substances mainly used as insecticides. These compounds act through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and the inactivation of this enzyme prolongs the stimulating action of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors at various systems and organs, resulting in cholinergic hyperactivity. Insects and humans share acetylcholinesterase, and therefore, besides the high effectiveness of these agents towards insects, organophosphorus pesticides represent a risk of intoxication for humans. The toxicity of these agents is high, and acute poisoning is the most frequent type of intoxication. The appearance of symptoms can start from 5 minutes to a few hours after exposure, depending on the degree of exposure, the physicochemical properties of the agent and the excipients in the commercial formulation, as well as on the activity of the enzyme. These cases of intoxication occur especially in situations of suicide or accidental contact, and most often can lead to the death of individuals, mainly due to respiratory arrest. In most situations, individuals only reach hospital units for treatment when all the toxic is already fully distributed or in the excretion phase. For all these reasons, it is of great interest to develop a method allowing the rapid detection of this kind of compounds in biological samples. The extraction technique was previously optimized (by both univariate and multivariate approaches), and the final conditions were as follows. Solvent used (methanol), volume of solvent (3 mL), drying time (12h) and extraction time (25 min). The high quantity of existing interfering compounds in biological matrices makes sample preparation the key step in the analytical process. As such, selectivity was studied, and no interferences from matrix constituents were observed at the retention times of the compounds and internal standards were observed. Recoveries ranged from 0.22% to 32%. The method was shown to be applicable to authentic samples, therefore being a powerful tool in the context of clinical analyses. As part of the traineeship in Community Pharmacy, I got the opportunity to do it at Farmácia Matias Pereira from February 1, 2021, to June 11, 2021, in order to better understand the work of community pharmacists. This chapter describes the general functioning of the pharmacy, the presentation of the pharmacy, its spatial organization and human resources. In addition, all the activities performed by the pharmacist in the context of community pharmacy are also detailed, from product management, receiving orders, dispensing medical products and pharmaceutical advice on the appropriate use of medicines.
The present dissertation is divided into two chapters. The first chapter describes the research component, while the second refers to the traineeship in Community Pharmacy. Pesticides are a family of chemical compounds widely used worldwide, mainly in rural areas to control and protect agricultural crops from insect pests. Organophosphorus pesticides are a particular group of these substances mainly used as insecticides. These compounds act through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and the inactivation of this enzyme prolongs the stimulating action of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors at various systems and organs, resulting in cholinergic hyperactivity. Insects and humans share acetylcholinesterase, and therefore, besides the high effectiveness of these agents towards insects, organophosphorus pesticides represent a risk of intoxication for humans. The toxicity of these agents is high, and acute poisoning is the most frequent type of intoxication. The appearance of symptoms can start from 5 minutes to a few hours after exposure, depending on the degree of exposure, the physicochemical properties of the agent and the excipients in the commercial formulation, as well as on the activity of the enzyme. These cases of intoxication occur especially in situations of suicide or accidental contact, and most often can lead to the death of individuals, mainly due to respiratory arrest. In most situations, individuals only reach hospital units for treatment when all the toxic is already fully distributed or in the excretion phase. For all these reasons, it is of great interest to develop a method allowing the rapid detection of this kind of compounds in biological samples. The extraction technique was previously optimized (by both univariate and multivariate approaches), and the final conditions were as follows. Solvent used (methanol), volume of solvent (3 mL), drying time (12h) and extraction time (25 min). The high quantity of existing interfering compounds in biological matrices makes sample preparation the key step in the analytical process. As such, selectivity was studied, and no interferences from matrix constituents were observed at the retention times of the compounds and internal standards were observed. Recoveries ranged from 0.22% to 32%. The method was shown to be applicable to authentic samples, therefore being a powerful tool in the context of clinical analyses. As part of the traineeship in Community Pharmacy, I got the opportunity to do it at Farmácia Matias Pereira from February 1, 2021, to June 11, 2021, in order to better understand the work of community pharmacists. This chapter describes the general functioning of the pharmacy, the presentation of the pharmacy, its spatial organization and human resources. In addition, all the activities performed by the pharmacist in the context of community pharmacy are also detailed, from product management, receiving orders, dispensing medical products and pharmaceutical advice on the appropriate use of medicines.
Description
Keywords
“Dried Urine Spots” Cromatografia Gasosa Acoplada A Um Detetor de Massa Em Tandem Farmácia Comunitária Pesticidas Organofosforados Urina