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Abstract(s)
Introdução: Segundo a OMS o consumo de tabaco é uma pandemia global e a
principal causa evitável de doença e morte (são atribuídas ao consumo de tabaco 8 a 10
milhões de mortes por ano). Carateriza-se por ser um comportamento complexo,
influenciado por distintos fatores (ex.: demográficos, psicológicos, culturais, sociais e/ou
genéticos). É um tema de grande relevância que tem sido discutido a nível global e que
foi objeto do primeiro tratado mundial de saúde pública – a Convenção-Quadro da OMS
para o Controlo do Tabaco (CQCT).
Para a grande maioria dos fumadores, a iniciação do comportamento tabágico acontece
na adolescência e quanto mais precocemente esta iniciação ocorrer, maior será o risco
de dependência, de doença e de morte prematura. Se este comportamento é evitável e
ocorre maioritariamente na adolescência é fundamental estudá-lo melhor para
desenvolver programas preventivos efetivos dirigidos em especial aos jovens.
Objetivo: Definir e testar empiricamente hipóteses que relacionem as variáveis
do modelo, como as crenças sobre fumar, influência social, autoeficácia, intenção de
fumar no próximo ano e o comportamento tabágico dos jovens Açorianos. Este estudo
pretendeu ainda determinar a prevalência do comportamento tabágico nos jovens
Açorianos, tendo em conta variáveis relevantes como a idade e o género e explorar as
diferenças entre os jovens que nunca fumaram e os que já experimentaram fumar em
função de algumas destas variáveis.
Design e Método: Estudo do tipo observacional transversal e inter-sujeitos. A
recolha dos dados foi realizada através de um questionário, já validado para a população
Portuguesa, anónimo e de participação voluntária. A aplicação do questionário ocorreu
nos meses de Dezembro, Janeiro e Fevereiro, em formato online, após a divulgação do
estudo e do link por parte dos diretores de turma das escolas que aceitaram participar
no estudo.
Resultados: A amostra é constituída por 209 participantes, estudantes do 3.º
Ciclo ou Ensino Secundário, com idades compreendidas entre os 11 e 21 anos (Midade=15,40), 67% são do sexo feminino. A maioria dos participantes nunca fumou
(68,9%), 16,2% admite já ter fumado, mas atualmente já não o faz, 7,1% afirma fumar
menos que um cigarro por mês, 1,9% dos participantes refere fumar pelo menos um
cigarro por mês e 5,7% são fumadores regulares (fuma pelo menos um cigarro por
semana). Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre os jovens que nunca fumaram e
os que já experimentaram fumar nas variáveis em estudo. Na variável das crenças sobre
fumar, estes diferem em quase todos os itens considerados. Na influência social
verificaram-se resultados significativos apenas na influência que é sentida quando o
melhor amigo apresenta comportamento tabágico. Quanto à autoeficácia para não
fumar, estes dois grupos diferenciam-se significativamente em todos os itens analisados.
E, por fim, no que concerne à intenção de fumar no próximo ano não houve diferenças
significativas entre os grupos.
Discussão e conclusões: Os resultados indicam que uma percentagem
significativa dos participantes fuma regularmente ou ocasionalmente e confirmam a
existência de diferenças significativas entre os que nunca fumaram e os que já
experimentaram fumar em diversas variáveis. O modelo utilizado foi parcialmente
confirmado. As crenças a favor de fumar e a autoeficácia social surgem como as variáveis
mais importantes na compreensão do comportamento e na sua prevenção. Os resultados
sugerem ser crucial a intervenção de cariz preventivo com os jovens, com base em
estratégias de promoção de atividades que contrariem as crenças pró-fumar, que
reforcem as crenças contra fumar, que aumentem a autoeficácia individual para não
fumar em certas circunstâncias, principalmente nas sociais e preparando os jovens para
resistir melhor à pressão social para fumar a que poderão ser sujeitos.
Introduction: According to WHO (World Health Organization), tobacco consumption is a global pandemic and the main preventable cause of disease and death (8 to 10 million deaths per year are attributed to this). It’s characterized for being a complex behavior, influenced by different factors (e.g., demographic, psychological, cultural, social and/or genetic). This is a very important issue that has been discussed globally and has been the subject of the world's first public health treaty – the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). For most smokers, the initiation of smoking behavior occurs in adolescence and the earlier this initiation occurs, the higher the risk of dependence, disease, and premature death. If this behavior is preventable and occurs mostly in adolescence it is essential to investigate this in order to develop effective preventive programs that aim young people in particular. Objective: Define and test hypotheses that relate the variables of the model, such as beliefs about smoking, social influence, self-efficacy, intention to smoke next year and the smoking behavior of young Azoreans. This investigation also intends to determine the prevalence of smoking behavior in young Azoreans taking into account relevant variables such as age and gender and to explore the differences between young people who have never smoked and those who have already smoked according to some of these variables. Design and Method: Observational, cross-sectional and inter-subject study type. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire, already validated for the Portuguese population, with anonymous and voluntary participation. The application of the questionnaire occurred in December, January and February, in online format, after sharing the study and link by class directors of the schools that agreed to participate in this study. Results: The sample consists of 209 participants, students of the 3rd Cycle or Secondary Education, with ages between 11 and 21 years (Mage=15.40), 67% are female. Most participants have never smoked (68.9%), 16.2% admits to having already smoked and stopped, 1.9% of participants reports smoking at least one cigarette per month and 5.7% are regular smokers (smoke at least one cigarette per week). There were significant differences between young people who have never smoked and those who have already tried smoking according to the variables of the study. In the variable of beliefs about smoking, these differ in almost all items considered. In social influence, significant results were found only in the influence that is felt when the best friend presents smoking behavior. Regarding self-efficacy for non-smoking, these two groups differ significantly in all items analyzed. Finally, with regard to the intention to smoke next year, there were no significant differences between the participants that have never smoked and the ones that have already smoked. Discussion and conclusions: The results indicate that a significant percentage of participants smoke regularly or occasionally and confirm significant differences between those who have never smoked and those who have already experienced smoking in several variables. The model used was partially confirmed. The beliefs about smoking and the social self-efficacy came up as the most important variables in understanding behavior and prevention. The results suggest that preventive intervention with young people is crucial, based on strategies to promote activities that contradict pro-smoking beliefs, that reinforce beliefs against smoking, that increase individual self-efficacy to not smoke in certain circumstances especially in social conditions and provide to young people mechanisms to better resist social pressure to smoke to which they may be subjected.
Introduction: According to WHO (World Health Organization), tobacco consumption is a global pandemic and the main preventable cause of disease and death (8 to 10 million deaths per year are attributed to this). It’s characterized for being a complex behavior, influenced by different factors (e.g., demographic, psychological, cultural, social and/or genetic). This is a very important issue that has been discussed globally and has been the subject of the world's first public health treaty – the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). For most smokers, the initiation of smoking behavior occurs in adolescence and the earlier this initiation occurs, the higher the risk of dependence, disease, and premature death. If this behavior is preventable and occurs mostly in adolescence it is essential to investigate this in order to develop effective preventive programs that aim young people in particular. Objective: Define and test hypotheses that relate the variables of the model, such as beliefs about smoking, social influence, self-efficacy, intention to smoke next year and the smoking behavior of young Azoreans. This investigation also intends to determine the prevalence of smoking behavior in young Azoreans taking into account relevant variables such as age and gender and to explore the differences between young people who have never smoked and those who have already smoked according to some of these variables. Design and Method: Observational, cross-sectional and inter-subject study type. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire, already validated for the Portuguese population, with anonymous and voluntary participation. The application of the questionnaire occurred in December, January and February, in online format, after sharing the study and link by class directors of the schools that agreed to participate in this study. Results: The sample consists of 209 participants, students of the 3rd Cycle or Secondary Education, with ages between 11 and 21 years (Mage=15.40), 67% are female. Most participants have never smoked (68.9%), 16.2% admits to having already smoked and stopped, 1.9% of participants reports smoking at least one cigarette per month and 5.7% are regular smokers (smoke at least one cigarette per week). There were significant differences between young people who have never smoked and those who have already tried smoking according to the variables of the study. In the variable of beliefs about smoking, these differ in almost all items considered. In social influence, significant results were found only in the influence that is felt when the best friend presents smoking behavior. Regarding self-efficacy for non-smoking, these two groups differ significantly in all items analyzed. Finally, with regard to the intention to smoke next year, there were no significant differences between the participants that have never smoked and the ones that have already smoked. Discussion and conclusions: The results indicate that a significant percentage of participants smoke regularly or occasionally and confirm significant differences between those who have never smoked and those who have already experienced smoking in several variables. The model used was partially confirmed. The beliefs about smoking and the social self-efficacy came up as the most important variables in understanding behavior and prevention. The results suggest that preventive intervention with young people is crucial, based on strategies to promote activities that contradict pro-smoking beliefs, that reinforce beliefs against smoking, that increase individual self-efficacy to not smoke in certain circumstances especially in social conditions and provide to young people mechanisms to better resist social pressure to smoke to which they may be subjected.
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Keywords
Açores Adolescência Comportamento Tabágico