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Publication
Empreendedorismo Feminino no Contexto Africano (Moçambique): Barreiras e Desafios
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O empreendedorismo feminino exerce um importante papel no desenvolvimento
económico e na inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho, devido à sua capacidade de
gerar emprego. África apresenta uma das mais elevadas taxas de empreendedorismo do
mundo e é o único continente em que as mulheres representam a maioria dos
empreendedores. Todavia, as mulheres empresárias africanas são confrontadas por
diversos fatores externos e intrínsicos que se configuram como barreiras e desafios que
afetam negativamente, tanto a criação, sobrevivência e desempenho, quanto o sucesso e
desenvolvimento dos seus negócios. Nesta perspectiva, este estudo tem como objetivo
investigar as principais barreiras e desafios do empreendedorismo feminino no contexto
de Moçambique.
Esta investigação adotou uma abordagem qualitativa e exploratória cuja seleção da
amostra foi por conveniência. Como técnica de obtenção de dados, foi usada a entrevista
semi-estruturada aplicada, de forma online, junto de 19 empresárias moçambicanas que
possuem negócio estabelecido e têm responsabilidades familiares. A análise e tratamento
dos dados, obtidos através do conteúdo das entrevistas, foi efetuado por um procedimento
sistematizado e sequenciado, cujos resultados apurados foram codificados e resumidos
com a utilização do software NVivo 14.
Com esta pesquisa foi possível identificar as seguintes temáticas relacionadas com as
barreiras e desafios do empreendedorismo feminino: fatores externos (políticoeconómico, sócio-cultural e dinâmica familiar) e fatores intrínsicos (compentências
empreededoras, com ênfase no nível de estudo, experiência profissional e características
pessoais).
Os resultados revelaram ainda que a ausência de instituições de apoio e centros de
formação gratuitos, dificuldade em financiamento bancário, assim como o excesso de
corrupção, impostos, burocracia, preconceito e discriminação são as maiores barreiras
impostas ao empreendedorismo feminino em Moçambique. As evidências empíricas
também indicaram que o nível de estudos, quer a escolaridade formal quer as formações
profissionalizantes, bem como a falta de apoio e incentivo familiar, os papéis tradicionais
da mulher e o excesso de responsabilidades para com suas famílias, são os maiores
desafios enfrentados pelas mulheres empresárias, impactando negativamente no
desempenho de seus negócios. Vale ressaltar que todas as dimensões no contexto da sociedade e da cultura
moçambicana, abrangidas neste estudo, mostraram ter alguma influência no esteriótipo
de género. Neste cenário, o assédio sexual e moral foi constatado como a maior barreira
sócio-cultural enfrentada pelas empresárias, sendo que todas as mulheres revelaram ter
sofrido alguma situação ou momento no qual foram assediadas.
A partir deste estudo emergiram direcionamentos que podem ser considerados pelas
autoridades e instituições competentes, destacando-se não somente a necessidade de criar
políticas públicas, legislações, medidas estratégicas e instituições de apoio, mas
principalmente aplicá-las no contexto real do empreendedorismo feminino em
Moçambique. Com estas medidas, pretende-se compreender e reduzir os aspectos
limitadores do desempenho e crescimento dos negócios das empresárias.
Finalmente, este estudo apresenta várias contribuições teóricas e práticas, entre elas,
destaca-se a sua originalidade, pois é uma das poucas pesquisas conhecidas que estudou
esta temática sobre o empreendedorismo feminino no contexto de Moçambique,
colmatando, portanto, esta lacuna na investigação. Neste estudo, propõe-se ainda um
framework sobre os fatores contextuais que podem implicar barreiras e desafios ao
empreendedorismo feminino e que fornece informações úteis para o governo e estudiosos
nesta área.
Female entrepreneurship plays an important role in economic development and the insertion of women into the job market, due to their ability to generate employment. Africa has one of the highest rates of entrepreneurship in the world and is the only continent where women represent most entrepreneurs. However, African women entrepreneurs are confronted by several external and intrinsic factors that constitute barriers and challenges that negatively affect both the creation, survival and performance, as well as the success and development of their businesses. From this perspective, this study aims to investigate the main barriers and challenges of female entrepreneurship in the context of Mozambique. This research adopted a qualitative and exploratory approach whose sample selection was by convenience. As a data collection technique, a semi-structured interview was used, applied online, to 19 Mozambican businesswomen who have an established business and have family responsibilities. The analysis and processing of the data obtained through the content of the interviews was carried out using a systematic and sequenced procedure, the results of which were coded and summarized using NVivo 14 software. With this research, it was possible to identify the following themes related to the barriers and challenges of female entrepreneurship: external factors (political-economic, sociocultural and family dynamics) and intrinsic factors (entrepreneurial skills, with emphasis on level of education, professional experience and personal characteristics). The results also revealed that the lack of support institutions and free training centers, difficulty in obtaining bank financing, as well as excessive corruption, taxes, bureaucracy, prejudice and discrimination are the biggest barriers to female entrepreneurship in Mozambique. Empirical evidence also indicated that the level of education, whether formal schooling or vocational training, as well as the lack of family support and encouragement, Women's traditional roles and excessive responsibilities towards their families are the biggest challenges faced by female entrepreneurs, negatively impacting the performance of their businesses. It is worth mentioning that all dimensions of Mozambican society and culture covered in this study showed some influence on gender stereotypes. In this context, sexual and moral harassment were identified as the greatest sociocultural barrier faced by businesswomen, with all women reporting having experienced some situation or moment of harassment. From this study, guidelines emerged that can be considered by the competent authorities and institutions, highlighting not only the need to create public policies, legislation, strategic measures and support institutions, but mainly to apply them to the real-world context of female entrepreneurship in Mozambique. These measures aim to understand and reduce the limiting factors affecting the performance and growth of female entrepreneurs' businesses. Finally, this study presents several theoretical and practical contributions, among which its originality stands out, as it is one of the few known types of research that studied this topic on female entrepreneurship in the context of Mozambique, thus filling this gap in research. This study also proposes a framework on the contextual factors that may imply barriers and challenges to female entrepreneurship and that provides useful information for the government and researchers in this area.
Female entrepreneurship plays an important role in economic development and the insertion of women into the job market, due to their ability to generate employment. Africa has one of the highest rates of entrepreneurship in the world and is the only continent where women represent most entrepreneurs. However, African women entrepreneurs are confronted by several external and intrinsic factors that constitute barriers and challenges that negatively affect both the creation, survival and performance, as well as the success and development of their businesses. From this perspective, this study aims to investigate the main barriers and challenges of female entrepreneurship in the context of Mozambique. This research adopted a qualitative and exploratory approach whose sample selection was by convenience. As a data collection technique, a semi-structured interview was used, applied online, to 19 Mozambican businesswomen who have an established business and have family responsibilities. The analysis and processing of the data obtained through the content of the interviews was carried out using a systematic and sequenced procedure, the results of which were coded and summarized using NVivo 14 software. With this research, it was possible to identify the following themes related to the barriers and challenges of female entrepreneurship: external factors (political-economic, sociocultural and family dynamics) and intrinsic factors (entrepreneurial skills, with emphasis on level of education, professional experience and personal characteristics). The results also revealed that the lack of support institutions and free training centers, difficulty in obtaining bank financing, as well as excessive corruption, taxes, bureaucracy, prejudice and discrimination are the biggest barriers to female entrepreneurship in Mozambique. Empirical evidence also indicated that the level of education, whether formal schooling or vocational training, as well as the lack of family support and encouragement, Women's traditional roles and excessive responsibilities towards their families are the biggest challenges faced by female entrepreneurs, negatively impacting the performance of their businesses. It is worth mentioning that all dimensions of Mozambican society and culture covered in this study showed some influence on gender stereotypes. In this context, sexual and moral harassment were identified as the greatest sociocultural barrier faced by businesswomen, with all women reporting having experienced some situation or moment of harassment. From this study, guidelines emerged that can be considered by the competent authorities and institutions, highlighting not only the need to create public policies, legislation, strategic measures and support institutions, but mainly to apply them to the real-world context of female entrepreneurship in Mozambique. These measures aim to understand and reduce the limiting factors affecting the performance and growth of female entrepreneurs' businesses. Finally, this study presents several theoretical and practical contributions, among which its originality stands out, as it is one of the few known types of research that studied this topic on female entrepreneurship in the context of Mozambique, thus filling this gap in research. This study also proposes a framework on the contextual factors that may imply barriers and challenges to female entrepreneurship and that provides useful information for the government and researchers in this area.
Description
Keywords
Barreiras e Desafios Empreendedoras Africanas Empreendedorismo Feminino Fatores Externos e Intrínsecos Moçambique Mulheres Empresárias