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Abstract(s)
A gastroenterite é definida como uma inflamação da mucosa do trato gastrointestinal, caracterizada clinicamente por diarreia de início súbito, podendo ser acompanhada por náuseas, vómitos, febre ou dores abdominais. A diarreia geralmente é autolimitada e resolve em poucos dias. Trata-se de uma patologia frequente em idade pediátrica, principalmente durante os primeiros anos de vida, representando a segunda causa mais frequente de internamento em Pediatria.
Os agentes mais comumente associados à gastroenterite infeciosa diferem de acordo com a faixa etária, a região geográfica e o tipo de diarreia. A maioria das gastroenterites são devidas a vírus entéricos, podendo ser também causada por infeções bacterianas ou protozoárias. Menos frequentemente, a diarreia aguda poderá ser parte integrante de uma infeção sistémica ou emergência cirúrgica. Dentro das causas víricas, os agentes mais frequentes são o rotavírus (principal agente etiológico), norovírus, adenovírus entérico, astrovírus e sapovírus.
Entre as medidas de prevenção da gastroenterite aguda estão incluídas a vacinação contra o rotavírus (o que tem aumentado a incidência de outros vírus), lavagem das mãos com água e sabão, troca adequada das fraldas, desinfeção de água obtida de fontes inseguras, exclusão de crianças sintomáticas de infantários ou escolas e precauções de contacto para crianças hospitalizadas.
Tendo em conta a importância desta patologia e sua frequência, bem com os gastos em saúde associados, fez-se uma revisão bibliográfica atualizada para compreender melhor a epidemiologia da doença, a sua etiologia, fisiopatologia, vias de contágio, principais fatores de risco, terapêutica e medidas preventivas a adotar para evitar a aquisição e transmissão interpessoal da doença.
Gastroenteritis is defined as an inflammation of gastrointestinal tract mucosa, characterized clinically by sudden onset diarrhea. This pathology could be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever or abdominal pain. Diarrhea is usually self-limited and resolves within a few days. It’s a frequent pediatric pathology, especially during the first years of life, representing the second most frequent cause of hospitalization in Pediatrics. Agents most commonly associated with infectious gastroenteritis differ according to age group, geographic region and type of diarrhea. Most gastroenteritis are caused by enteric viruses and may also be caused by bacterial or protozoal infections. Less often, acute diarrhea may be an integral part of a systemic infection or surgical emergency. Regarding viral causes most frequent agents are rotavirus (main etiological agent), norovirus, enteric adenovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus. Measures to prevent acute gastroenteritis include vaccination against rotavirus (which has increased the incidence of other viruses), hand washing with soap and water, adequate diaper changes, disinfection of water obtained through unsafe sources, exclusion of symptomatic children from day nurseries or schools and contact precautions for hospitalized children. Given the importance of this pathology and its frequency, as well as the associated health expenditures, an updated bibliographic review was done to deepen the knowledge about the disease’s epidemiology, its etiology, pathophysiology, pathways of contagion, major risk factors, therapeutics and preventive measures that should be adopted to avoid the acquisition and interpersonal transmission of the disease.
Gastroenteritis is defined as an inflammation of gastrointestinal tract mucosa, characterized clinically by sudden onset diarrhea. This pathology could be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever or abdominal pain. Diarrhea is usually self-limited and resolves within a few days. It’s a frequent pediatric pathology, especially during the first years of life, representing the second most frequent cause of hospitalization in Pediatrics. Agents most commonly associated with infectious gastroenteritis differ according to age group, geographic region and type of diarrhea. Most gastroenteritis are caused by enteric viruses and may also be caused by bacterial or protozoal infections. Less often, acute diarrhea may be an integral part of a systemic infection or surgical emergency. Regarding viral causes most frequent agents are rotavirus (main etiological agent), norovirus, enteric adenovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus. Measures to prevent acute gastroenteritis include vaccination against rotavirus (which has increased the incidence of other viruses), hand washing with soap and water, adequate diaper changes, disinfection of water obtained through unsafe sources, exclusion of symptomatic children from day nurseries or schools and contact precautions for hospitalized children. Given the importance of this pathology and its frequency, as well as the associated health expenditures, an updated bibliographic review was done to deepen the knowledge about the disease’s epidemiology, its etiology, pathophysiology, pathways of contagion, major risk factors, therapeutics and preventive measures that should be adopted to avoid the acquisition and interpersonal transmission of the disease.
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Keywords
Criança Diarreia Infeciosa Gastroenterite Vírica Norovírus Rotavírus