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Abstract(s)
A prática de desporto envolve capacidades fisicas, técnicas e psicológicas, que influenciam diretamente o desempenho dos indivíduos. Uma competição é considerada uma situação stressante, pois provoca alterações fisiológicas, e emocionais nos atletas, como na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), perceção de stress e ansiedade competitiva, e consequentemente influenciam o desempenho. Nos desportos tradicionais, há uma maior dependência do desenvolvimento e desempenho tanto das habilidades motoras quanto cognitivas, diferentemente dos desportos eletrónicos (eSports). Os jogadores de eSports dependem muito mais das habilidades cognitivas para o sucesso, daí o motivo de serem conhecidos como “atletas cognitivos”. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre estratégias eficazes para desenvolver e otimizar o desempenho cognitivo, estado psicológico (perceção de stress e ansiedade cognitiva) e comportamento da VFC em jogadores profissionais de eSports. De forma a alcançar este objetivo, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, dois estudos originais e um estudo de caso. Os resultados dos quatro estudos científicos englobados nesta tese de doutoramento evidenciaram que: i) a revisão mostrou que a literatura ainda é escassa relativamente com ao uso da estimulação transcraniana de corrente contínua (ETCC) nos eSports, assim como trouxe a hipótese de se utilizar a ETCC como um potencial recurso para aprimorar o funcionamento cognitivo de jogadores profissionais de eSports; ii) os estudos originais demonstraram que o resultado de um jogo de playoff influencia na perceção de stress, na ansiedade competitiva e no comportamento da VFC de jogadores profissioais de eSports; iii) e o estudo de caso sugeriu que a ETCC anódica aplicada ao córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo à 2mA reduziu o stress e ansiedade e revelou ainda um aumentou da autoconfiança e o desvio padrão da média do intervalo NN qualificado (SDNN) no momento pós-ETCC comparado aos momentos LB, pré-ETCC e pós-jogo em um jogador profissional de eSports. Em suma, embora os resultados sejam exploratórios, esta tese contribuiu com importantes informações que podem ajudar na avaliação, monitorização, recuperação e melhoria no desempenho de jogadores profissionais de eSports nos aspetos cognitivos, psicológicos e regulação autonómica em treinamentos e jogos.
Practicing sport involves physical, technical and psychological capabilities, which directly influence individuals' performance. A competition is considered a stressful situation, as it causes physiological and emotional changes in athletes, such as heart rate variability (HRV), perception of stress and competitive anxiety, and consequently influences performance. In traditional sports, there is a greater dependence on the development and performance of both motor and cognitive skills, unlike electronic sports (eSports). eSports players rely much more heavily on cognitive skills for success, hence why they are known as “cognitive athletes”. However, little is known about effective strategies to develop and optimize cognitive performance, psychological state (perceived stress and cognitive anxiety) and HRV behavior in professional eSports players. In order to achieve this objective, a literature review, two original studies and a case study were carried out. The results of the four scientific studies included in this doctoral thesis showed that: i) the review showed that the literature is still scarce regarding the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in eSports, as well as bringing up the hypothesis of using tDCS as a potential resource to improve the cognitive functioning of professional eSports players; ii) original studies demonstrated that the result of a playoff game influences the perception of stress, competitive anxiety and HRV behavior of professional eSports players; iii) and the case study suggested that anodal tDCS applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 2mA reduced stress and anxiety and also revealed an increase in self-confidence and the standard deviation of the mean qualified NN interval (SDNN) in the post- -tDCS compared to LB, pre-tDCS and post-game moments in a professional eSports player. In short, although the results are exploratory, this thesis contributed with important information that can help in the assessment, monitoring, recovery and improvement in the performance of professional eSports players in cognitive, psychological and autonomic regulation aspects in training and games.
Practicing sport involves physical, technical and psychological capabilities, which directly influence individuals' performance. A competition is considered a stressful situation, as it causes physiological and emotional changes in athletes, such as heart rate variability (HRV), perception of stress and competitive anxiety, and consequently influences performance. In traditional sports, there is a greater dependence on the development and performance of both motor and cognitive skills, unlike electronic sports (eSports). eSports players rely much more heavily on cognitive skills for success, hence why they are known as “cognitive athletes”. However, little is known about effective strategies to develop and optimize cognitive performance, psychological state (perceived stress and cognitive anxiety) and HRV behavior in professional eSports players. In order to achieve this objective, a literature review, two original studies and a case study were carried out. The results of the four scientific studies included in this doctoral thesis showed that: i) the review showed that the literature is still scarce regarding the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in eSports, as well as bringing up the hypothesis of using tDCS as a potential resource to improve the cognitive functioning of professional eSports players; ii) original studies demonstrated that the result of a playoff game influences the perception of stress, competitive anxiety and HRV behavior of professional eSports players; iii) and the case study suggested that anodal tDCS applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 2mA reduced stress and anxiety and also revealed an increase in self-confidence and the standard deviation of the mean qualified NN interval (SDNN) in the post- -tDCS compared to LB, pre-tDCS and post-game moments in a professional eSports player. In short, although the results are exploratory, this thesis contributed with important information that can help in the assessment, monitoring, recovery and improvement in the performance of professional eSports players in cognitive, psychological and autonomic regulation aspects in training and games.
Description
Keywords
eSports Perceção de estresse Ansiedade competitiva Estimulação transcraniana de corrente contínua - ETCC