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A presente dissertação insere-se na unidade curricular intitulada “Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas”. Neste âmbito foi realizado um trabalho de investigação e dois estágios curriculares dos quais resultaram dois relatórios. Assim, metodologicamente este trabalho divide-se em três capítulos.
O primeiro capítulo deste documento é alusivo à componente de investigação. Nesta componente é feita uma abordagem holística da Dieta Mediterrânica, e do papel protetor que confere contra as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). As DCV são a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo, e a suscetibilidade para o desenvolvimento destas doenças deriva da interação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais. A prevalência crescente de padrões alimentares tipicamente ocidentais, a par da globalização, urbanização e revolução tecnológica, contribuíram para o sedentarismo e para a emergência de alterações nutricionais, com impacto na morbilidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. O número crescente de indivíduos com obesidade, diabetes e outros fatores de risco cardiovascular como resultado desta “sociedade de consumo” contribuem para que as DCV continuem a ser o maior flagelo mundial. Este panorama tem conduzido à promoção de estratégias preventivas, de modo a reduzir a sua prevalência. As evidências sugerem, inclusivamente, que as DCV são, numa grande porção, evitáveis mediante a adoção de um estilo de vida saudável, e consequente controlo de fatores de risco.
Recentemente, a comunidade científica tem dado especial atenção à Dieta Mediterrânica (DietMed) que é uma das dietas mais estudadas no mundo, e um dos seus componentes chave é a riqueza e diversidade em produtos vegetais. O estudo de Keys (1), que deu nome a este padrão alimentar, abriu o caminho para a investigação, sendo extensivamente analisada enquanto modelo alimentar para preservar o estado de saúde e reduzir o desenvolvimento de doenças crónicas, nas quais se destacam as DCV.
Conforme referido, as DCV são, em grande medida, causadas por uma conjugação de fatores intrínsecos ao estilo de vida e a DietMed, pelo espetro único de componentes alimentares biologicamente ativos aliado a toda a envolvência que a caracteriza, pode reverter esta situação.
A revisão bibliográfica aqui apresentada foca os pontos-chave sobre o desenvolvimento das DCV, com especial ênfase para a aterosclerose, e os benefícios da DietMed como base protetora do desenvolvimento destas patologias. É ainda considerado todo o prisma de sustentabilidade ambiental em volta deste padrão, particularmente pela defesa de um património dotado de fragilidade. Através desta revisão extensa da literatura ficou visível que existe evidência científica suficiente para comprovar a relevância deste modo de vida como um paradigma pelos seus potenciais efeitos protetores, embora sejam necessários novos estudos que particularizem os mecanismos exatos responsáveis por esses efeitos.
O segundo capítulo aborda a componente de estágio realizada em Farmácia Comunitária, entre os dias 22 de janeiro e 6 de abril de 2018. Esta seção retrata a minha experiência neste âmbito profissional, onde foi possível aplicar os conhecimentos teóricos e práticos adquiridos ao longo do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas a situações reais de contacto com o utente. A última componente, referente ao estágio realizado em Farmácia Hospitalar, decorreu entre os dias 9 de abril e 1 de junho de 2018, e ilustra a minha experiência neste contexto. Revelou-se particularmente importante pela crescente consciencialização da importância do Farmacêutico em ambiente hospitalar, e pela aquisição de novas competências, fulcrais na prática profissional.
The present dissertation is part of the curricular unit entitled “Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas”. In this scope it was carried out a research work and two curricular stages where two reports resulted. Thus, methodologically, this work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter of this document is allusive to the research component. In this component a holistic approach is taken concerning the Mediterranean Diet, and the protective role that it confers against cardiovascular diseases (DCV). DCV is the leading cause of death worldwide, and the susceptibility to the development of these diseases arises from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The increasing prevalence of typically western diet patterns, along with globalization, urbanization and technological revolution, have contributed to sedentary lifestyle and the emergence of nutritional changes, with an impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increasing numbers of individuals with obesity, diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors as a result of this "consumer society" contribute to DCV remaining the world's biggest scourge. This has led to the promotion of preventive strategies in order to reduce their prevalence. Evidence suggests that DCV are largely preventable through the adoption of a healthy lifestyle and consequent control of risk factors. Recently, the scientific community has paid special attention to the Mediterranean Diet (DietMed) which is one of the most studied diets in the world, and one of its key components is the richness and diversity in plant products. The Keys study (1), which gave its name to this dietary pattern, paved the way for research, being extensively analyzed as a food model to preserve health status and reduce the development of chronic diseases, in which DCV stand out. As mentioned, DCV are largely caused by a combination of factors intrinsic to lifestyle, and DietMed by the unique spectrum of biologically active food components coupled with all the surroundings that characterize it, can reverse this situation. The literature review presented here focuses on key points on the development of CVD, with special emphasis on atherosclerosis, and the benefits of DietMed as a protective base for the development of these pathologies. It is also considered the whole prism of environmental sustainability around this standard, particularly for the defense of a heritage endowed with fragility. Through this extensive review of the literature it has become apparent that there is sufficient scientific evidence to prove the relevance of this way of life as a paradigm for its potential protective effects, although further studies are needed to detail the exact mechanisms responsible for these effects. The second chapter addresses the internship component held in Community Pharmacy between January 22 and April 6, 2018. This section describes my experience in this professional field, where it was possible to apply the theoretical and practical knowledge acquired during the Integrated Master in Pharmaceutical Sciences to real situations of contact with the user. The last component, referring to the stage performed in Hospital Pharmacy, took place between April 9 and June 1, 2018, and illustrates my experience in this context.
The present dissertation is part of the curricular unit entitled “Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas”. In this scope it was carried out a research work and two curricular stages where two reports resulted. Thus, methodologically, this work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter of this document is allusive to the research component. In this component a holistic approach is taken concerning the Mediterranean Diet, and the protective role that it confers against cardiovascular diseases (DCV). DCV is the leading cause of death worldwide, and the susceptibility to the development of these diseases arises from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The increasing prevalence of typically western diet patterns, along with globalization, urbanization and technological revolution, have contributed to sedentary lifestyle and the emergence of nutritional changes, with an impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increasing numbers of individuals with obesity, diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors as a result of this "consumer society" contribute to DCV remaining the world's biggest scourge. This has led to the promotion of preventive strategies in order to reduce their prevalence. Evidence suggests that DCV are largely preventable through the adoption of a healthy lifestyle and consequent control of risk factors. Recently, the scientific community has paid special attention to the Mediterranean Diet (DietMed) which is one of the most studied diets in the world, and one of its key components is the richness and diversity in plant products. The Keys study (1), which gave its name to this dietary pattern, paved the way for research, being extensively analyzed as a food model to preserve health status and reduce the development of chronic diseases, in which DCV stand out. As mentioned, DCV are largely caused by a combination of factors intrinsic to lifestyle, and DietMed by the unique spectrum of biologically active food components coupled with all the surroundings that characterize it, can reverse this situation. The literature review presented here focuses on key points on the development of CVD, with special emphasis on atherosclerosis, and the benefits of DietMed as a protective base for the development of these pathologies. It is also considered the whole prism of environmental sustainability around this standard, particularly for the defense of a heritage endowed with fragility. Through this extensive review of the literature it has become apparent that there is sufficient scientific evidence to prove the relevance of this way of life as a paradigm for its potential protective effects, although further studies are needed to detail the exact mechanisms responsible for these effects. The second chapter addresses the internship component held in Community Pharmacy between January 22 and April 6, 2018. This section describes my experience in this professional field, where it was possible to apply the theoretical and practical knowledge acquired during the Integrated Master in Pharmaceutical Sciences to real situations of contact with the user. The last component, referring to the stage performed in Hospital Pharmacy, took place between April 9 and June 1, 2018, and illustrates my experience in this context.
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Keywords
Aterosclerose Dieta Mediterrânica Doenças Cardiovasculares Farmácia Comunitária Farmácia Hospitalar. Proteção Cardiovascular