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- Special Issue "Recent Advances in Medicinal Plants and Natural Products"Publication . Luís, Ângelo; Duarte, Ana PaulaMedicinal plants and natural products continue to represent a rich and rapidly evolving field in molecular sciences. Their longstanding importance in traditional medicine, coupled with modern analytical and biotechnological advancements, has accelerated scientific interest in uncovering novel therapeutic agents from natural sources. [...]
- Circular entrepreneurship: Decision-making, digitalisation and small business modelsPublication . Suchek, Nathalia; Ferreira, João José de Matos; Fernandes, Paula OdeteThis doctoral thesis comprises five studies exploring the field of entrepreneurship within the scope of the circular economy (CE) in small businesses. The general objective of the thesis is to examine circular entrepreneurship (CEship) in the context of small firms, with the aim of generating novel insights and contributing to the development and consolidation of this research field. To this end, each of the five studies addresses a specific objective, seeking to map, understand, and explain the mechanisms through which entrepreneurs and small-scale organisations contribute to the transition towards CE. Research on CEship remains at an early stage and is therefore somewhat fragmented. Thus, study 1 reviews the literature, mapping scientific production from 2016 to 2021, with the aim of consolidating the research field by identifying key themes, research gaps, and future directions. Based on a sample of 102 articles from Scopus and Web of Science, four thematic clusters are identified: i) growing circular SMEs, ii) born-circular firms and start-ups, iii) social entrepreneurship in CE, and iv) support ecosystems for circular entrepreneurship. The literature reveals a strong focus on growing circular SMEs, to the detriment of other groups, and is mainly concentrated on European countries. A future research agenda and a conceptual model of the entrepreneurial process in CE are proposed as a starting point for further developing and deepening the literature on circular entrepreneurship. Study 2 extends this effort by reviewing the literature from 2021 to 2025, examining how the field has evolved, how previously identified research gaps have been addressed, and which new avenues have emerged. Using a bibliometric review with systematic lens (B-RSL), the study analyses 184 articles and reveals a marked increase in scholarly attention, reflected in a growing number of publications in high-impact journals. The field has also expanded in scope, methodological diversity, and geographical coverage. Bibliographic coupling identifies three thematic clusters: entrepreneurs, ventures, and ecosystems; growing circular firms; and theoretical models for CE adoption and digitalisation. Study 2 also evaluates progress on the research agenda set in Study 1, showing that several suggestions have been advanced, particularly in studies on start-ups, SMEs, and ecosystems. An updated agenda is proposed, highlighting gaps in areas well established in entrepreneurship research but still underexplored in CEship. Study 3 investigates how effectual and causal decision-making behaviours influence the pursuit of CE principles in small firms, while also examining the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Based on data from 185 Portuguese manufacturing firms and using both PLS-SEM and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), results show that both decision-making approaches positively affect CE adoption, with effectuation exerting a stronger influence. While EO negatively moderates the relationship between causal decision-making and CE adoption, it has no significant effect on the effectuation–CE relationship. fsQCA identifies four profile of firms that follow distinct pathways to CE adoption (i.e., affordable risk firms, affordable risk entrepreneurial firms, collaborative entrepreneurial firms, and agile planning firms), showing that although causal decision-making and flexibility are consistently critical, different combinations of effectual principles (affordable loss, experimentation, pre-commitments) can also lead to high CE adoption depending on the organisational context. These findings confirm that there is no one-size-fits-all approach and that firms can successfully adopt CE through different configurations of decision-making approaches aligned with their contexts and capabilities. Study 4 analyses the role of digitalisation through Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies and participation in global value chains (GVCs), as well as the effects of their complementarity on CE adoption by SMEs. Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV), the study considers I4.0 technologies and GVC participation as key resources for CE. Using a large international sample, logistic and linear regression models were employed to test hypotheses on the effects of I4.0 technologies, GVC participation, and their interaction on CE actions (e.g., recycling or reusing materials, reducing the consumption and impact of natural resources, saving energy and/or switching to sustainable sources, and developing sustainable products or services). Findings suggest that I4.0 technologies already play an important role in CE adoption, and SMEs engaged in GVCs are more likely to adopt CE actions. However, results also indicate that combining these two resources may sometimes be detrimental, particularly in relation to recycling and reusing materials, saving energy, and the widespread adoption of CE practices. The study, therefore, offers new insights into the complexities of resource complementarity in SMEs’ pursuit of CE. Study 5 examines how social logics are embedded in the business models of circular ventures by analysing the relationship between commitment to social logic and the degree of entrepreneurial newness. Drawing on institutional logics and hybrid organisations literature, a qualitative approach was applied to 42 Portuguese circular ventures. Thematic analysis identified six patterns of social logic incorporation (ethical value chains, valorisation of local communities, community education and engagement, value sharing, democratised access to products, and social inclusion), mapped across the dimensions of value proposition, creation, delivery, and capture. These were then associated with ventures’ market and technological newness, leading to the identification of seven profiles reflecting different forms of hybridity. Findings suggest that social logic is more explicit in ventures with low market and technological newness, as well as those with high technological newness focused on extending resource value. The results underline the heterogeneity of circular business models and highlight the dual role of social logic as both a strategic positioning mechanism and a source of legitimacy under conditions of institutional pluralism. Taken together, the five studies provide original contributions to CEship research, particularly in the context of small businesses. The results advance the theoretical consolidation of this emerging field by applying diverse methodological approaches and theoretical lenses. They also offer relevant practical implications for entrepreneurs, SME managers, and policymakers seeking to accelerate the transition towards more resilient and sustainable business models. The thesis, therefore, demonstrates the potential of small firms to drive circular transformation, turning entrepreneurial practices into engines of resilience and systemic change.