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- Pluralistic licensingPublication . Holland, Oliver; De Nardis, Luca; Nolan, Keith; Medeisis, Arturas; Anker, Peter; Minervini, Leo Fulvio; Velez, Fernando; Matinmikko, Marja; Sydor, JohnWe introduce the concept of “pluralistic licensing”, which we describe as the award of licenses under the assumption that opportunistic secondary spectrum access will be allowed, and that interference may be caused to the primary with parameters and rules that are known to the primary at the point of obtaining the license. A key aspect of the concept is that the primary will choose from a range of offered “pluralistic licenses” each with associated fees, and each specifying alternative opportunistic access rules and associated interference characteristics. Our proposal is a novel means to take forward spectrum licensing which is fair to both primary and secondary users and takes into account the requirements of both parties. The objective is to incentivize the primary to obtain this type of license through means such as a reduced license fee, whereby the opportunistic secondary spectrum access will use “cognitive radio” mechanisms to avoid causing interference to the primary or to otherwise keep interference within known parameters. We discuss that our proposed concept can propel more robust or better design of both primary and secondary devices. For primary devices it can lead to the ability to cope with an increased degree or risk of interference among other benefits, and for secondary devices might lead to the ability to better share spectrum opportunities. Both of these aspects greatly improve spectrum usage efficiency and fairness. Our concept is also highly flexible dependent on the case-by-case deployment context, even so far as allowing solutions such as spectrum sensing and primary beacon transmissions which would otherwise not be practical or desirable, while defaulting to safe mechanisms such as a geolocation database in cases where a lower interference variance is required. Many other benefits of our concept and its extensions are discussed. We argue that “pluralistic licensing” should become the de facto form of license awarded in newly designated bands, and should also be offered to the primary as a licensing option in existing bands in cases where interference to legacy devices that might exist in the band can be avoided.
- Technical Approaches for Improved Spectrum SharingPublication . Velez, Fernando J.; Matinmikko, MarjaThe aim of this chapter is to showcase several important contributions towards identification of techniques for spectrum sharing and coexistence. It is envisaged that such novel techniques may be of value in various regulatory considerations. They might assist in shaping technical conditions that will govern the access to radio spectrum by CR technologies. Section 3.1 reviews the recommended principles of Geolocation Databases’ operation in European regulatory environment, as well as the envisaged structural composition of technical solutions for their implementation. Section 3.2 is composed of several contributions that offer different angles of looking at CR spectrum sensing algorithms and implementation techniques. It also considers the possibilities of dynamic re-configurability through beam forming capabilities. This is followed by discussion in Sect. 3.3 of possibilities for spectrum aggregation from non-contiguous frequency bands, as made possible by the DSA capabilities of CR. This opens up possibilities for significantly increasing the available operational bandwidth—and hence the data throughput—of the radio transceivers. It also allows pursuing energy efficiency objectives. Section 3.4 looks at the possibilities of developing unsynchronised CR networks using Filter-bank multi-carrier, an alternative type of modulation that offers a superior performance and reduced out-of-band emissions compared with other traditional types of modulation. The detection of malicious users is addressed in Sect. 3.5, by employing a statistical approach. This approach allows reliable detection of users even when the system does not have a priori information about primary channel activity and characteristics of users. The following Sect. 3.6 looks at the spectral efficiency of CR systems and the related possibilities of using Iterative Water-filling method, which may be highly beneficial for broadband wireless channels under static or slowly varying conditions. The final Sect. 3.7 contains two contributions that present different aspects associated with the issue of assessing the amount of white spaces, or in other words—spectrum resource available for DSA access. It first looks at the principles of Radio Environment Mapping, which is then complemented by an example of evaluating amount of TV band white spaces in Italy.