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- Structure of papers and NonwovensPublication . Pereira, Mário José Teixeira; Costa, A. P.; Salvado, Rita; Silvy, Jacques; Fiadeiro, PauloWe characterise the structure of fibrous materials: papers and nonwovens by diffraction and transmission of light. This allows the measurement of the fibres orientation distribution of the sample as a whole or for the surfaces using replicas. Applications of the methods are demonstrated in the case of paper for the control of the curl tendency and for two kinds of nonwoven materials, one used in the tailoring of surgical garments and the other used as components of the baby diapers.
- Diffusion of the Laser Radiation to Characterise the Paper Fibre Orientation and the Paper Sheet FormationPublication . Pereira, Mário; Fiadeiro, Paulo; Brardo, FranciscoThis work concerns the determination of fiber orientation in the paper sheet and possibly the mass density distribution. Both parameters strongly influence the quality of the paper for end uses in printing and converting. The measurement of such parameters is done using different approaches, most commonly indirectly from the determination of the paper's physical properties. The measurement and analysis of the microscopic features of the paper sheet structure, using optical methods based on the laser radiation retro-diffusion and transmission, are the main aims of this work. The proposed method only uses laser light scattered by retro-diffusion from the paper surfaces for surface analysis and the laser light transmitted through the paper for analysis in the bulk. The system can analyze through a scanning procedure point-by-point, one paper sheet to produce a map of both paper surfaces with the selected results.
- 3-D Characterisation of Nonwoven Fabrics by means of an optical systemPublication . Pereira, Mário José Teixeira; Salvado, Rita; Fiadeiro, Paulo; Silvy, JacquesThe characterisation of fabric structure by means of quantified parameters is essential for the control of the fabrication processes and the resulting properties of the nonwoven materials. Important parameters of the structure are the porosity, the mean pore size and the pore size distribution, the specific area of the texture, the fibres orientation the last one needing to be characterised in the three dimension of the fabric web. In this research work we intend to evaluate the porous fibres orientation in geotextiles nonwovens using a procedure based on the fibres light conducting and their associated scattering. The interpretation of the phenomena is made through a modelisation concept of the pore fibre interfaces
- Quality comparison of the HEVC and VP9 encoders performancePublication . Fernandes, Pedro; Bernardo, Marco; Pinheiro, Antonio M. G.; Fiadeiro, Paulo; Pereira, ManuelaThis paper reports a comparison between two recent video codecs, namely the HEVC and the VP9, using High Definition Video Sequences encoded with different bit rates. A subjective test for the evaluation of the provided Quality of Experience is reported. The video sequences were shown to a panel of subjects on a High Definition LED display and the subjective tests were performed using a Single Stimulus Methodology. The results shown that the HEVC encoder provides a better visual quality on low bit rates than the VP9. Similar performance was obtained for visually lossless conditions, although the HEVC requires lower bit rates to reach that level. Moreover, the correlation of the subjective evaluation and three tested objective metrics (PSNR, SSIM, and FSIM) revealed a good representation of the subjective results, particularly the SSIM and the FSIM metrics.
- New method for the measurement of fibres orientation on the paper faces applied to the analysis of hygro-instability in paper sheetsPublication . Pereira, Mário José Teixeira; Costa, A. P.; Trindade, A. C.; Fiadeiro, Paulo; Silvy, Jacques; Tosio, J. M. SerraFor a given change in the humidity of a paper the hygro-instability of the sheet depends of two main factors: the sheet structural parameters which reflects its structure: the sheet porosity, the fibres orientation distribution mainly in the sheet plane and the variations of these parameters across the paper sheet thickness. the water reactivity of the components of the paper sheet which depends mainly of the sheet composition: the cellulosic and the fillers content, the nature of the fibres, softwood or hardwood, their degree of delignification, the beating degree of the pulp, the fines content, the conditions of the sheet drying with a more or less conditions of restraint. In this research initiated at the University of Beira Interior (UBI) with the collaboration of the Ecole Française de Papeterie (EFPG), we have tried to identify these main parameters of the paper hygro-instability. For this purpose we characterise the sheet structural parameters by optical methods developed at the Optical Centre of UBI.
- The Surface Measurement of Fibre Orientation Anisotropy and Misalignment Angle by Laser DiffractionPublication . Pereira, Mário José Teixeira; Fiadeiro, Paulo; Jesus, M. E. P.; Silvy, JacquesThe dimensional stability in fibre webs mainly depends of the fibre anisotropy and its orientation on the surfaces. These parameters are influenced during the manufacturing process, where the length and type of the fibres is determinant. The web quality control, in general, is performed based on the measurement of these parameters in the bulk of the fibre webs. This paper presents an optical laser diffraction method to measure the fibre anisotropy and the fibre orientation distribution only at the paper surfaces. The developed system has been successfully used with a set of well-characterised paper sheets. The results shown a high correlation and accurate precision when compared with the results obtained by other techniques. This method has also been used successfully in non-woven fabrics.
- Paper surface diffraction to characterise the fibre orientation distributionPublication . Pereira, Mário José Teixeira; Fiadeiro, Paulo; Silvy, JacquesMany paper mills use ultrasonic techniques to measure the Tensile Stiffness Index, TSI, of the paper sheet. They then assume that the TSI value is the same as the fibre orientation anisotropy. This is true if the paper is allowed to dry without any internal tension or elongation, but does not apply to paper manufactured in a paper machine. The paper machine introduces tension and elongation as soon as the fibre is placed on the forming fabric. These factors increase through the press section and are accentuated in the drying section. In order to uniquely measure the fibre orientation anisotropy on the surfaces, the proposed method uses replicas of both paper surfaces to produce a laser diffraction pattern. The obtained pattern reveals an elliptical shape, which is related to the fibre orientation anisotropy of the paper surface. By measuring the ellipticity of the diffraction pattern and the deviation with respect to the machine direction, one can quantify the fibre orientation distribution. Different papers from the bench market have been successfully tested with the developed system. This article describes the new developed optical system and its innovative capabilities in the field to produce maps of the fibre orientation of a complete paper sheet surface. A selection of the obtained results to prove its feasibility is also presented.
- Assessment of speckle denoising filters for digital holography using subjective and objective evaluation modelsPublication . Fonseca, Elsa; Fiadeiro, Paulo; Bernardo, Marco V.; Pinheiro, Antonio M. G.; Pereira, ManuelaDigital holography is an emerging imaging technique for displaying and sensing three dimensional objects. The perceived image quality of a hologram is frequently corrupted by speckle noise due to coherent illumination. Although several speckle noise reduction methods have been developed so far, there are scarce quality assessment studies to address their performance and they typically focus solely on objective metrics. However, these metrics do not reflect the visual quality perceived by a human observer. In this work, the performance of four speckle reduction algorithms, namely the nonlocal means, the Lee, the Frost and the block matching 3D filters, with varying parameterizations, were subjectively evaluated. The results were ranked with respect to the perceived image quality to obtain the mean opinion scores using pairwise comparison. The correlation between the subjective results and twenty different no-reference objective quality metrics was evaluated. The experiment indicates that block matching 3D and Lee are the preferred filters, depending on hologram characteristics. The best performing objective metrics were identified for each filter.
- O índice e a direcção de rigidez na quantificação da orientação das fibras no papel: comparação com o método óptico da difracção laserPublication . Pereira, Mário José Teixeira; Fiadeiro, PauloAs técnicas ultra-sónicas encontram-se amplamente divulgadas na indústria do papel para medição do índice de rigidez (TSI) das folhas de papel. Para a indústria do papel o valor deste índice é assumido como sendo igual à anisotropia de orientação das fibras, o que acontece só quando a folha de papel é seca sem estar sujeita a tensões internas ou elongações. De forma a medir unicamente a anisotropia de orientação das fibras na superfície das folhas de papel, o método aqui proposto utiliza réplicas transparentes dessas mesmas superfícies. Com essas réplicas geram-se padrões de difracção os quais apresentam uma forma elíptica que está relacionada com a anisotropia de orientação das fibras na superfície das folhas de papel. Medindo-se a elipticidade desses padrões de difracção e o desvio em relação à direcção máquina (MD) é possível quantificar-se a distribuição de orientação das fibras. Este artigo descreve um novo sistema óptico e as suas capacidades inovativas na área do papel com base num estudo comparativo.
- Holographic representation: Hologram plane vs. object planePublication . Bernardo, Marco V.; Fernandes, Pedro; Arrifano, Ângelo Miguel; Antonini, Marc; Fonseca, Elsa; Fiadeiro, Paulo; Pinheiro, Antonio M. G.; Pereira, ManuelaDigital holography allows the recording, storage and subsequent reconstruction of both amplitude and phase of the light field scattered by an object. This is accomplished by recording interference patterns that preserve the properties of the original object field essential for 3D visualization, the so-called holograms. Digital holography refers to the acquisition of holograms with a digital sensor, typically a CCD or a CMOS camera, and to the reconstruction of the 3D object field using numerical methods. In the current work, the different representations of digital holographic information in the hologram and in the object planes are studied. The coding performance of the different complex field representations, notably Amplitude-Phase and Real-Imaginary, in both the hologram plane and the object plane, is assessed using both computer generated and experimental holograms. The HEVC intra main coding profile is used for the compression of the different representations in both planes, either for experimental holograms or computer generated holograms. The HEVC intra compression in the object plane outperforms encoding in the hologram plane. Furthermore, encoding computer generated holograms in the object plane has a larger benefit than the same encoding over the experimental holograms. This difference was expected, since experimental holograms are affected by a larger negative influence of speckle noise, resulting in a loss of compression efficiency. This work emphasizes the possibility of holographic coding on the object plane, instead of the common encoding in the hologram plane approach. Moreover, this possibility allows direct visualization of the Object Plane Amplitude in a regular 2D display without any transformation methods. The complementary phase information can easily be used to render 3D features such as depth map, multi-view or even holographic interference patterns for further 3D visualization depending on the display technology.