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- Sports development environment in swimming clubs: a preliminary study on Portuguese swimmers’ perceptionsPublication . Costa, Aldo M.; Grazina, C.; Miragaia, D. A. M.; Crisóstomo, Luís; Carvalho, Pedro Guedes deO objetivo central do artigo foi analisar as perceções dos nadadores Portugueses sobre o seu contexto de desenvolvimento desportivo. Foram estudadas as perceções de 207 nadadores Portugueses de nível nacional (juniores e séniores), homens e mulheres, provenientes de 28 clubes de natação. Os nadadores foram diferenciados em três grupos de acordo com o nível desportivo médio do clube. Foi aplicada uma versão adaptada do Talent Development Environment Questionnaire for Sport (TDEQ), o qual, estatisticamente, demonstrou uma confiabilidade excelente (> .8) ou satisfatória (> .6) em cinco dos sete fatores. Contudo as comunalidades associadas a cada variável apresentam bastante variabilidade (entre 0.04 e 0.768). Quanto às perceções dos nadadores inquiridos, os dados sugerem que a qualidade do contexto de desenvolvimento desportivo não parece ser significativamente distinto entre os 28 clubes de natação Portugueses envolvidos em divisões desportivas distintas.
- Pilot-model for oxidative post-competition recovery in swimmersPublication . Crisóstomo, Luís Daniel Machado; Granadeiro, Luiza Augusta Tereza Gil Breitenfeld; Costa, Aldo Filipe Matos Moreira Carvalho daPhysical exercise have several health benefits, but it can also be a source of cellular damage. The energetic demands of physical exercise and training promote an increase on metabolic rate, and its pathways may produce secondary harmful compounds that will cause cellular damage. Some of those compounds are the free radicals and Reactive Oxygen species, which are highly instable molecules that react quickly, oxidizing important functional molecules such as proteins, membrane lipids and DNA, in a condition known as oxidative stress. To dampen the action of these molecules, the cells express antioxidant defence proteins. One of the most ubiquitous and polymorphic of those is the family of Gluthatione STransferases (GSTs). The great physical load of competitive training creates serious oxidative stress on athletes so, it is expected that their expression of GSTs will vary throughout the season to overcome such aggression, quickly recovering from one training session and preparing the antioxidant defence for the next one. Our main objective was to verify if the expression of a GST (GSTT1) varies throughout the season, as expected theoretically, and how it fluctuates after a competition. We also check if the distribution of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 Null/Present genotypes had some influence in the preparation and performance of our sample, consisting in 20 national level swimmers. A control group of 52 random individuals was also used to compare genotype distribution. We collected blood samples in analytic filter paper, at 5 different moments throughout the winter season. DNA was isolated from a sample of each individual, amplified by PCR for our interest genes, and ran in agarose gel by electrophoresis to genotype our 20 swimmers. RNA was isolated from all the samples of a swimmer and converted in cDNA by reverse transcriptase. The relative expression of GSTT1 was done using β-actin (a housekeeping gene) as a control gene and the first collected sample of the swimmer as control condition, by the RT-PCR technic. Three swimmers were accessed for the whole 5 moments, while eight were only evaluated their expression at 48h and 72h after competition. The results showed little influence in the distribution of genotype from swimmers to controls. The expression results show influence of the GSTT1 expression profile throughout the season and after an intense exercise with sport performance and as a fitness check tool.
- Cortisol, testosterone and mood state variation during an official female football competitionPublication . Casanova, Natalina; Oliveira, Ana Cristina Palmeira de; Pereira, Ana; Crisóstomo, Luís; Travassos, Bruno; Costa, Aldo M.Aim: Endogenous hormones are essential on the control of physiological reactions and adaptations during sport performance. This study aims to compare the mood state and the salivary levels of cortisol and testosterone during an official female association football tournament. Methods: Twenty female football players (22.85 ± 4.2 yrs) from the Portuguese women’s national team were included in the study. Mood, salivary cortisol and testosterone levels were examined in five moments over the championship (M1, neutral measures; M2-M5, on every match day). Saliva samples were collected before breakfast and immediately after each match. Mood was measured by the profile of mood states questionnaire (POMS); hormone levels were measure by immunoassay methods. Results: Iceberg Profiles of POMS were observed during all the moments of evaluation (M2-M5), showing a decrease in vigor and an increase in tension and depression in both team defeats (M2 and M5). There is no relationship between the hormones levels and the outcome of the competition, once cortisol and testosterone decrease from pre-match to post-match in both wins (M2 and M5) and defeats (M3 and M4). For testosterone the observed decrease is significantly different (p<0.05) before and after all matches. Conclusion: Our results show a pattern in mood states behavior. Cortisol and testosterone decrease after match and throughout the tournament, independently of the match outcome. The absence of hormone flutuations related to competiton performance points out that top-level professional football players training systematically and regularly seem to be very well adapted to competition stress effect.