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- Reactions from family of origin to the disclosure of lesbian motherhood via donor inseminationPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Tasker, Fiona; Carneiro, Francis Anne; Pereira, Henrique; Leal, I.Most studies of planned lesbian motherhood via donor insemination (DI) have sampled lesbian mothers in individualistic societies where adults have relatively distant connection to their family of origin. Our study examined the experiences of biological and non-biological lesbian mothers in five families who had children through DI after disclosing their motherhood status to their family networks in Portugal, a familistic society. The first theme identified by thematic analysis-"But why do you want to have a child?"-encapsulated the reactions of biological mothers' family of origin to the announcement of motherhood. Disclosure was mostly met by a shocked response in the family, rooted in the belief that lesbian women should not have children. The second theme-"But you weren't pregnant, how is this your child?"-summarized the reactions of non-biological mothers' family of origin to the disclosure of motherhood status as they considered refusing to recognize their grandchild in the absence of biological connection. Prejudice against lesbian-mother family formation was associated with the specific intersection of lesbianism and motherhood, but relationships between the mothers and their families were largely repaired because of familistic values.
- Heterosexuals' attitudes toward same-sex parenting: The case of PortugalPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Rita, Cláudia; Fernandes, Inês; Caldeira, Sara; Pereira, Henrique; Leal, I.During the last decade in Portugal, there have been political changes regarding the rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender individuals, such as the right to marry. However, parenting by same-sex couples is not legally recognized, and there are legal impediments for same-sex parents to adopt a child. The purpose of this study was to assess Portuguese heterosexuals’ attitudes toward same-sex parenting and the reasoning behind them. 993 participants (266 males and 727 females), aged between 18 and 69 years with a mean age of 34, responded to one of three online questionnaires using a quasi-experimental methodology: each questionnaire included a case vignette depicting a heterosexual, a gay, or a lesbian couple wishing to adopt a child. Participants were then asked to evaluate if the couple would be fit to adopt and if they anticipated any social and emotional problems with the child. Results revealed that participants evaluated more favorably the heterosexual couple than did the same-sex couples. Furthermore, participants consistently anticipated more children’s social and emotional problems if they were adopted by a gay or a lesbian couple. Group differences revealed that men evaluated less favorably gay and lesbian couples than women did. Religious affiliation also revealed that catholic people were less favorable toward gay and lesbian adoption than atheist people were. Implications of these findings will be discussed.
- University Students’ Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Parenting and Gay and Lesbian Rights in PortugalPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Almeida, Rute; Anselmo, Cátia; Ferreira, André; Pereira, Henrique; Leal, I.The purpose of this study was to explore university students' attitudes toward same-sex parenting and toward gay and lesbian rights. A total of 292 participants, aged between 18 and 27 (M = 21) responded to a questionnaire measuring attitudes toward parenting by gay men and lesbians, gay and lesbian rights, and beliefs about the etiology of homosexuality. Results revealed that the majority of students were against gay and lesbian parenting, gay and lesbian equal rights, and believed that homosexuality has a social/environmental basis. It was found that sexual prejudice is highly prevalent in Portuguese university students, and implications of these findings are discussed.
- Desenvolvimento da escala revista de ajustamento diádico (RDAS) com casais do mesmo sexoPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Pereira, Henrique; Leal, I.Com base na Dyadic Adjusment Scale (DAS), a versão reduzida americana Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) foi mais recentemente desenvolvida com o intuito de avaliar o ajustamento diádico de casais, mais fiável e parcimoniosa do que a original. O objectivo do presente estudo é o de avaliar a validade do modelo multidimensional de três factores da RDAS com uma amostra de 177 casais do mesmo sexo (49% casais de lésbicas e 51% casais de gays) em Portugal. Os participantes completaram a RDAS, a Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social e a Escala de Homofobia Internalizada. Os resultados obtidos através de Análise Factorial Confirmatória foram semelhantes aos reportados pelos autores da escala revista. Através da RDAS foi possível discriminar níveis de ajustamento entre casais de lésbicas e casais gays, revelando-se que os casais de lésbicas reportaram níveis de coesão significativamente maiores do que casais gays. Foi também observado a importância de um baixo nível de homofobia internalizada e satisfação com o suporte social para o ajustamento diádico.
- Convencionalismo e Sexismo numa População UniversitáriaPublication . Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Pereira, Henrique; Leal, I.Sexismo pode ser encarado como uma forma de preconceito que tem por base uma atitude negativa inflexível contra as mulheres (Allport, 1954). Contudo, esta forma de preconceito não é unidimensionaI. Investigação recente tem revelado que na sua natureza, sexismo se reveste não só de uma forma clássica de hostilidade contra as mulheres, mas também de uma forma mais subtil, caracterizada por uma protecção aparentemente positiva e paternalista a que se chama sexismo benevolente. Estas duas formas de preconceito servem como mecanismos de manutenção de uma desigualdade de género em diferentes contextos (Glick & Fiske, 1997; 2001). Mantendo estas duas formas em simultâneo, os autores Glick e Fiske sugerem que se trata de sexismo ambivalente, defendendo, desta forma, a multidimensionalidade do conceito de sexismo (Glick & Fiske, 1996). [...]