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- From European unity to the challenges of the 21st centuryPublication . Costa, BrunoThe European project is marked by decades of achievements and successes, in a path that has seen advances and setbacks regarding the debate between institutional deepening and the enlargement of the EU to new Member States. This is a debate that has been fueled by different political options and changes in the institutional framework of the European Union, namely at the level of «informal decision-making directories» that condition and write the history of the European project. The path of success adopted by European leaders is undeniable, in a project started with 6 founding countries and which today brings together 27 Member States, with several countries following the path of accession. This path is fueled by the sharing of a common identity and the pursuit of improving living conditions, in a message that has been disseminated over decades and implemented by a spirit of solidarity between peoples.
- Serbia: Between Doubt and Conviction – Paths of an Integration ProcessPublication . Costa, BrunoThe accession of the Balkan countries to the European Union is a desire and objective of several politi cal leaders and a commitment of the European institutions themselves. This path represents one of the objectives of the Republic of Serbia, and negotiations are currently taking place regarding compliance with the different accession chapters. Serbia’s integration entails several challenges, being a decisive instrument to heal the wounds of the Balkan War and an opportunity to rebuild political, social, diplomatic, and economic relations across the region. This chapter sets out to discover these challenges and seeks to analyze the current moment of negotiation, outlining the possible paths for the country’s integration into the European Union and the respective impact on subsequent negotiations with other Balkan States. Among the remaining doubts regarding the integration of the Serbian State and the conviction that the path of the European Union inevitably passes through this integration, what challenges will the negotiation face in the coming years?
- The Copenhagen Criteria and the Road to the Balkan Region: considerations on the Democratic PathPublication . Costa, Bruno; Figueira, PedroThe affirmation and consolidation of the European project is based on a common effort to expand the domains and territorial dimension of the European Union. The different enlargement processes have been fulfilling political, economic, and geographical objectives and goals; however, the last few years have been marked by uncertainty regarding the calendar of accession processes for the Balkan States. If for some authors and political actors it is undeniable that the future will lead to an expansion of the European Union to this region, others warn of the ungovernability associated with moving forward without consolidating decision-making processes. This chapter aims to revisit the accession criteria (Copenhagen Criteria) and the current situation of candidate and potential candidate countries in the Balkan region in a critical dimension on the importance of these criteria for European democracy.