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- Solid-phase extraction for gas chromatographic mass spectrometric determination of the veterinary drug xylazine in human blood.Publication . Gallardo, Eugenia; Barroso, Mário; Margalho, Cláudia; Devesa, N.; Pimentel, J.; Vieira, Duarte NunoThis paper presents a method for the determination of xylazine in whole blood using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This technique required only 0.5 mL of sample, and protriptyline was used as internal standard (IS). Limits of detection and quantitation (LOQ) were 2 and 10 ng/mL, respectively. The method was found to be linear between the LOQ and 3.50 ìg/mL, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9922. Precision (intra- and interday) and accuracy were in conformity with the criteria normally accepted in bioanalytical method validation. The analyte was stable in the matrix for at least 18 h at room temperature and for at least three freeze/thaw cycles. Mean recovery, calculated at three concentration levels, was 87%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that solid-phase extraction is used as sample preparation technique for the determination of this compound in biological media. Because of its simplicity and speed when compared to other extraction techniques, the herein described method can be successfully applied in the diagnosis of intoxications by xylazine.
- Determination of parathion in biological fluids by means of direct Solid Phase Microextraction.Publication . Gallardo, Eugenia; Barroso, Mário; Margalho, Cláudia; Cruz, Angelines; Vieira, Duarte Nuno; López-Rivadulla, ManuelA new and simple procedure for the determination of parathion in human whole blood and urine using direct immersion (DI) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented. This technique was developed using only 100 ìL of sample, and ethion was used as internal standard (IS). A 65-ìm Carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW/DVB) SPME fibre was selected for sampling, and the main parameters affecting the SPME process such as extraction temperature, adsorption and desorption time, salt addition, agitation and pH effect were optimized to enhance the sensitivity of the method. This optimization was also performed to allow the qualitative determination of parathion’s main metabolite, paraoxon, in blood. The limits of detection and quantitation for parathion were 3 and 10 ng/mL for urine and 25 and 50 ng/mL for blood, respectively. For paraoxon, the limit of detection was 50 ng/mL in blood. The method showed linearity between the LOQ and 50 ìg/mL for both matrices, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9954 to 0.9999. Precision and accuracy were in conformity with the criteria normally accepted in bioanalytical method validation. The mean absolute recoveries were 35.1% for urine and 6.7% for blood. Other parameters such as dilution of sample and stability were also validated. Its simplicity and the fact that only 100 ìL of sample is required to accomplish the analysis make this method useful in forensic toxicology laboratories to determine this compound in intoxications, and it can be considered an alternative to other methods normally used for the determination of this compound in biological media.
- Alternative specimens in forensic toxicology: analysis of drugs of abusePublication . Margalho, Cláudia Isabel Reis; Rivadulla Lamas, Manuel Lopez; Gallardo Alba, Maria Eugénia; Gonçalves, Francisco Corte RealThe main reason for this study’s development lies essentially in the fact that it gathers two areas of great interest and increasing progress in the forensic toxicology field: the postmortem alternative matrices and the new psychoactive substances. Firstly, it is possible to verify that alternative matrices have been playing an important role in the forensic toxicology field throughout the last decade. This relates with the fact they can be used as either a blood/urine complementary or in substitution when their collection is unavailable by several factors. In addition, Portugal and the rest of the world experienced a new emergent trend regarding the consumption of “new psychoactive substances”. This phenomenon brought about major public health injuries. The objective of the presented work was a contribution to the development of new analytical methods for the quantitative determinations of several new psychoactive substances in various biological matrices such as whole blood, plasma, vitreous humor and pericardial fluid. The substances on which we conducted our study were: salvinorin a (main active component of the plant salvia divinorum); some cathinones such as cathine, ephedrine, methcathinone, PMA, mephedrone, methedrone and some phenethylamines belonging to the D series, like the DOM and DOB and those that belong to the 2C-X series like 2C-H, 2C-B, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-4 and 2C-T-7. The mixed-mode was used (cathinones and phenethylamines) and reversed-phase (salvinorin a) adsorbents in the solid phase extraction for preparing samples of 250 μL of blood, plasma and pericardial fluid and 100 μL for vitreous humor. The obtained extracts were further analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in the SIM mode. To enable the detectability and the separation of the studied cathinones and phenethylamines a fast microwave derivatization procedure was previously applied, using the MBTFA reagent. Thus, in order to minimize the time required for classical techniques of derivatization in the analysis of drugs of abuse (over 30 minutes) a microwave procedure was optimized which lasts only 90 seconds. The method was applied to all substances with the exception of salvinorin a. Stable trifluoroacetyl derivatives were obtained with this optimized methodology. Once confidence in the interpretation of the analytical results was attained (as a prerequisite in forensic and clinical toxicology), it was necessary to ensure that the methods developed were suitable for its intended purposes. Thus, the proposed methodologies were fully validated, in all biological matrices studied according to internationally accepted recommendations. The methods were found to be selective for all tested compounds in all matrices studied. Linearity was achieved from 5-100 ng/mL for salvinorin a and from 5-600 ng/mL for cathinones and phenethylamines. The extraction efficiencies were between 80-100% for salvinorin a and 77-113% for cathinones and phenethylamines, in all the biological matrices studied. All results obtained for the parameters repeatability and intermediate precision presented CV<20% and accuracy were within the acceptance interval of ±20% of the nominal values at all concentration levels. The methods presented limits of quantitation of 5 ng/mL for each compound, in the all biological matrices analysed. The developed methodologies have been applied to authentic samples from autopsies performed in the Clinical and Forensic Pathology Service and in the medico-legal Offices belonging to the delegation of the centre for the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic sciences, I.P. These procedures can be a useful tool in forensic toxicology laboratories. The major contributions are the complementation of the information possibly provided by each one of those fluids regarding drugs’ consumption and the prevention of situations where the blood is not available due to several factors of each individual case. In addition, it was also intended to implement the developed methodologies in routine analysis on the Laboratory of Chemistry and Forensic Toxicology of the centre branch of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences.