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- Perceived effort in football athletes: the role of achievement goal theory and self-determination theoryPublication . Monteiro, Diogo; Teixeira, Diogo; Travassos, Bruno; Mendes, Pedro Duarte; Moutão, João; Machado, Sergio; Cid, LuisThis study examined the motivational determinants of athletes perceived effort in football considering the four-stage motivational sequence at the contextual level proposed by Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: task-involving climate, basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation (SDM), and perceived effort. Additionally, SEM multi-group analysis across different age-groups (U15, U17, U19, and U21 years) and serial mediation of basic psychological needs (BPNs) and SDM on the task-involving motivational climate and the perceived effort were also analyzed. Two independent samples of male football athletes (N = 403, N = 403), aged 13-20 years were enrolled in this study. The results support the adequacy of the structural model in explaining the perceived effort of football atheltes in all samples under analysis, and was invariant across U17, U19, and U21. However, it was not invariant across U15 and U17, U19 and U21. Furthermore, results from the serial mediation showed significant indirect effects in all samples, supporting self-determination theoretical assumptions, reinforcing the importance of BPNs satisfaction and behavioral regulation in the relation in analysis. The results show that when coaches promote a task-involving climate, the BPNs satisfaction of athletes improves. This climate will facilitate the regulation of their behaviors toward more autonomous forms of motivation, with positive outcomes in the athletes perceived effort.
- A retrospective analysis of retirement of football players in PortugalPublication . Travassos, Bruno; Carvalho, Pedro Guedes de; Mendes, Pedro Duarte; Torregrossa, Miquel; Carapinheira, AntónioThe purpose of this study was to analyse the retirement of elite football players in Portugal. Specifically, the quality of retirement and the resources available were evaluated. To develop an understanding of the process of the sporting retirement of elite football players we used data from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with ninety professional players from the portuguese football national team. Most of the elite Portuguese footballers we investigated retired from sport between 36 and 40 years of age, their retirement had been involuntary and it had taken them less than a year to accept retirement. Most had only been educated to secondary level and had a strong athletic identity, no plans for their post-football career exist and relied on family as their main psychological support. None of the players had received support from a formal programme. Despite of the findings being consistent with previous research from other Southern European cultures, it seems that the athletic retirement of portuguese footballers has some particularities. Most portuguese footballers retired later and had longer playing careers than athletes in other countries. In addition, retirement was involuntary in most of cases, yet players reported that it took them a relatively short time to accept retirement.
- Tradução e validação do Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3, versão portuguesa, e as habilidades de Imagery em atletas de modalidades distintasPublication . Mendes, Pedro Alexandre Duarte; Marinho, Daniel Almeida; Petrica, João Manuel Patrício DuarteEste estudo teve por objetivo realizar a tradução e validação do Movement Imagery Questionnaire – 3 (MIQ-3) para versão portuguesa e a verificação das habilidades de imagery em atletas de modalidades desportivas com habilidades motoras abertas (Basquetebol) e fechadas (Natação). Adicionalmente, pretendeu-se identificar as diferenças da habilidade de imagery entre géneros, e entre o nível de praticantes. Desta forma, a presente tese de doutoramento foi subdividida em quatro estudos estruturados de forma independente, com os procedimentos científicos adequados a cada um deles. Para se alcançar os objetivos definidos, foram adotados os seguintes passos: i) revisão da literatura; ii) tradução e análise fatorial exploratória do MIQ-3, versão portuguesa; iii) análise fatorial confirmatória do MIQ-3, versão portuguesa; iv) identificação das diferenças na habilidade de imagery entre géneros em praticantes de Basquetebol; v) comparação da habilidade de imagery entre níveis de praticantes de Natação. Os resultados sugerem que: i) os procedimentos de tradução e adaptação originaram uma versão portuguesa do MIQ-3 semelhante à versão original; ii) a adequação da adaptação foi efetuada, demonstrando que a sua estrutura fatorial é igual à versão original (12 itens agrupados em 3 fatores, com 4 itens em cada fator); iii) através da análise fatorial confirmatória, foi comprovada a adequação do modelo original, passando a estar disponível em Português um instrumento de medida para avaliação da habilidade de Imagery; iv) a modalidade visual interna revelou-se como melhor método de intervenção em praticantes de Basquetebol; v) a modalidade visual externa revelou-se como melhor método de intervenção em praticantes de Natação; vi) o género masculino apresentou melhores resultados em cada uma das três modalidades e no total do questionário, sendo as diferenças estaticamente significativas na modalidade cinestésica e no total do MIQ-3 em praticantes de Basquetebol; vii) o grupo Elite obteve os valores médios mais elevados, seguindo-se os valores médios do grupo Sub-Elite e, por fim, os valores médios do grupo Não-Elite, na habilidade de imagery em praticantes de Natação.
- Body composition and grip strength constraints in elite male rink-hockey players of contrasting ethnicityPublication . Ferraz, António; Santos, J. Valente dos; Mendes, Pedro Duarte; Nunes, Célia; Victorino, Samuel Carlos; Silva, Manuel J. Coelho e; Travassos, BrunoRink hockey is a highly specialized and physiological demanding sport with sparse research regarding the game and athletes’ characteristics. A cross-sectional study was developed to characterize the body composition and grip strength of elite male rink hockey players and to establish the relationship between ethnicity on body composition and grip strength. A sample of 100 elite rink-hockey athletes aged 26.59 ± 6.02 participated in the study, comprised of 69 Caucasian male adults aged 27.58 ± 6.44 years and 31 Black African male adults aged 24.39 ± 4.27. Body composition was assessed by anthropometric measurements. Static grip strength was assessed with an adjustable dynamometer. Multiple regression analysis was applied to understand which variables constraints body fat percentage (BF) and grip strength. Body mass showed an average of 76.36 ± 9.18 kg for 175.80 ± 5.87 cm of height and BF% of 10.82 ± 5.07%. Maximal right grip strength was 50.91 ± 6.26 kg and 50.27 ± 6.23 kg for left grip strength. Four predictors accounted for 70.01% of the variance of BF%: abdominal circumference (p < 0.001), right thigh circumference (p < 0.001), right calf circumference (p = 0.001) and ethnicity (p = 0.016). Three predictors accounted for 13.1% of the variance of right grip strength: ethnicity (p = 0.013), chronological age (p = 0.024) and right distal thigh circumference (p = 0.014). Results suggest that elite rink hockey athletes have a specific anthropometric identity, which at the elite level may lead to reduced body fat and greater handgrip strength. Ethnicity seems to predict body fat and grip strength in elite rink hockey athletes.