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- Heads for force: on the headhunting complex in Southeast Asia and MelanésiaPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaCross-cultural exploration of the practice of headhunting in various tribal societies in insular Southeast Asia and in South Melanesia, as described by ethnographers since the nineteenth century. Various motives for this practice, as well as beliefs and rituals attached to it nd the gende role involved, are discussed. With data from fieldwork among the inhabitants of Minahasa in northern Sulawesi.
- Minahasa: the «success story» of Dutch colonialism in IndonesiaPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaThe Minahasans of northern Sulawesi underwent in the nineteenth century a rapid metamorphosis from a people that was considered as violent and savage into what seemed pious and orderly subjects of the Dutch colonal state. The texts proposes several motives for Minahasans’ conversion to Christianity and their enthusiasm for school education. Attention is also paid to the harsh economic exploitation under colonial rule, as well as to actions of resistance. A general outline of the colonial history of Indonesia provides the framework of the text.
- Memories of faraway visitors to Southeast Asia: the ‘Portuguese fort’ in AmurangPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaThis article examines today’s perception among Indonesians of the Portuguese presence in Eastern Indonesia during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Despite evidence of the often violent pursuit of supremacy and material benefit by European navigators, the local population has different understandings of the past. An assessment of these from an anthropological perspective is guided by twin concepts such as emics and etics, and memory and history. Our case study combines documentary research and fieldwork, focusing on a colonial fort in Amurang, on the island of Sulawesi. The present-day accounts of the local population and of some official organizations attribute a Portuguese origin to this fort, and narratives about the Portuguese abound in folk memory, often contradicting the findings of scientific research. Significant is the positive image of the Portuguese prevalent among the population. The article includes historical data on the Portuguese and Spanish presence in Indonesia and ethnographic data of Amurang, as well as architectural and archaeological details of the fort.
- Distance and proximity: social sciences and their approach to ‘other cultures’Publication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaIn this farewell lecture, some topics related to the question of culture contact are addressed. These include the various ways in which other cultures are observed and judged, with special attention paid to the approach taken by the social sciences; practices of anthropological fieldwork; and the various, historically changing attitudes and practices adopted by the so-called Western world towards other cultures, in particular those in Asia. The text is an English version of the Portuguese original.
- Saving for taxes or saving for pigs? A case of local-level authority in IndonesiaPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaDiscussion of the intermediary role of village chiefs in Minahasa (Indonesia), between the national government and the villagers, in issues such as tax collection and participation in community projects. A comparison is made between two villages where the author carried out anthropological fieldwork.
- Património enigmático: os Portugueses na memória coletiva na MinahasaPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaEntre os habitantes da Minahasa, no nordeste da Indonésia, é comum indicar certos fenómenos como “portugueses”, ou “de origem portuguesa”. Trata-se de nomes, palavras, expressões musicais ou coreográficas, objetos móveis e imóveis, que, segundo a população, comprovam uma prolongada presença de portugueses na sua região. Esta interpretação contrasta com aquela de historiadores académicos, que encontraram nas suas fontes apenas referências a algumas breves visitas por portugueses, no século XVI. Neste artigo apresentam-se algumas explicações possíveis deste fenómeno.
- Myth and reality in Minahasan history: The Waworuntu-Gallois confrontationPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaDiscussion of Dutch colonial policy in Minahasa (northern Sulawesi) in the 19th century. The focus is on a troubled episode around 1890 which not only revealed the harsh conditions of the indigenous population but also the Dutch attitude of superiority towards the regional elite.
- PengantarPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaPrefácio a um livro académico abordando os vários tipos e níveis de identidade relevantes na Minahasa (Indonésia), em contextos diferentes. Preface to an academic book exploring the different kinds and levels of identity important in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, in different circunstances.
- Manifold connections: the Minahasa region in IndonesiaPublication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaThis paper focuses on eastern Indonesia, and in particular on the Minahasa region of northern Sulawesi. It examines the links of this region with others in the archipelago, as well as with the state, from the early modern period through to the present, and tests the usefulness of the concepts of ‘centre’ and ‘periphery’ in understanding the nature of those links. A centre–periphery relationship is commonly defined in terms of geography, economy or power relations, but, as the paper argues, the definition can also rest on cultural or social factors. The paper also suggests the possibility of the simultaneous or successive existence of several centres and many peripheries.
- Eras and areas: export crops and subsistence in Minahasa, 1817-1985Publication . Schouten, Maria Johanna ChristinaDiscussion of the economic and social history of Minahasa (northern Sulawesi), focusing on the cultivation and marketing of cash crops in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Coffee, coconut (copra) and clove were the dominant export agricultural products, each in a different period. Also, there was variety in the areas within Minahasa in which these respective crops thrived, thus bringing about regional variation of social and economic conditions. Related with the main topic, attention is paid to the Dutch colonial rule, the fluctuations in the world market, the relationship between commercial and subsistence agriculture, and the trade networks before export.