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- The Semiotics of Hate in Hoaxes about Immigrants Detected by Fact-Checking Platforms in Spain, Greece, and ItalyPublication . Vázquez Diéguez, Ignacio; Merino, Dory; Sánchez Esparza, MartaThe rejection of immigrants is socially constructed and fuelled by the viral spread of false information, giving rise to hate speech loaded with symbolism. Hence, this study undertakes a semiotic analysis of hate speech in hoaxes about immigrants published on social media in Spain, Greece and Italy from January 2022 to August 2023. These hoaxes were identified on the leading fact-checking platforms in each selected country: Newtral, Ellinika Hoaxes and Facta News/Open. A valid sample of 52 hoaxes was analysed using an interpretative perspective methodology, delving into the fundamental aspects of semiotics (denotative and connotative signs). The study highlights signs that give meaning to cultural codes, social representations, myths, or imaginaries. In addition, it concludes that these hoaxes repeat the same patterns across the three countries despite dealing with different information. The immigrant figure is associated with attributes such as vandal, anti-social, usurper or criminal, leading to the construction of meaning systems (myths) and social imaginaries that stigmatise this group and portray them as inconvenient in the host society.
- Mapping Stigmatizing Hoaxes Towards Immigrants on Twitter and Digital Media: Case Study in Spain, Greece, and ItalyPublication . Vázquez Diéguez, Ignacio; Merino, Dory; Sánchez Esparza, MartaThis text presents a mapping of the hoaxes published on Twitter and in digital media during 2020 in Spain, Greece, and Italy after having been classified as disinformation with the intention of causing harm in the fact-checking portals of the three cited countries. Verification services that are members of the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) have been chosen for this analysis: Spain (Newtral.es/ Maldita.es), Greece (Ellinika Hoaxes), and Italy (Facta News/Lavoce.info). The chosen online portals belong to FactCheckEU, a European project launched by the international verification network. The validated sample presents 150 pieces of information identified as hoaxes by the verification platforms and disseminated in the current communication scenarios by the network in the three direct recipient countries of the migratory phenomenon through the Mediterranean. A qualitative methodology applied to the case study is used, which is complemented by critical discourse analysis.