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Abstract(s)
A Nova Gestão Pública desencadeou diversas reformas e mudanças no contexto do Ensino Superior Público. Uma delas é o foco acrescido na performance, o que redobra o interesse de estudar abordagens e práticas de gestão e liderança, que possam surtir impactos diversos na performance. A liderança académica tem passado por uma crise devido à necessidade de lidar com todas as questões em torno das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), sendo também considerada capaz de moldar a performance das IES. Outra fonte de mudança surgiu associada à transformação digital (TD) das IES, em face do avanço das tecnologias, da necessidade de se aprender em qualquer lugar e a qualquer momento e, mais recentemente, da pandemia do Covid-19, a qual forçou as IES a aderirem e a avançarem rumo à TD. Este tipo de transformação também é considerado na literatura como sendo um fator capaz de influenciar a performance das IES. Ressalta-se que a liderança desempenha um importante papel para a adoção das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) nestas instituições. Neste âmbito de investigação, verificou-se que ainda são poucos os estudos sobre a liderança académica. O que gera a necessidade de se investigar os principais estilos de liderança adotados em IES públicas e como estes se relacionam com a TD e as diferentes dimensões de performance de IES. Outra lacuna observada foi a falta de estudos que versem a influência da TD sobre estas diferentes dimensões da performance.
Desta forma, o objetivo geral desta tese é estudar as relações entre os estilos de liderança, a transformação digital e a performance de IES públicas, efetuando uma análise comparativa entre os contextos brasileiro e ibérico. Através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, da administração de um inquérito por questionário a gestores de topo das IES, e da elaboração e aplicação de um índice compósito de transformação digital, visou-se responder aos seguintes objetivos específicos: identificar os principais estilos de liderança abordados na literatura, bem como os mais adotados nas IES estudadas; verificar como os estilos de liderança impactam a adoção das TIC em diferentes dimensões da performance; investigar o papel de cada estilo de liderança sobre diferentes dimensões da performance das IES; verificar a hipotética atuação moderadora da cultura organizacional e da autonomia, sobre a relação entre os estilos de liderança e a performance das IES; investigar o papel da transformação digital sobre diferentes dimensões de performance das IES; e testar a hipótese de que os estilos de liderança adotados moderam a relação entre a transformação digital e a performance das IES.
Esta investigação respondeu aos objetivos elencados e trouxe importantes contributos para a literatura e para os gestores de IES públicas. No primeiro estudo verificou-se que o estilo de liderança mais abordado nos artigos analisados é o transformacional; a dimensão da performance mais estudada é a que representa as atividades de ensino e aprendizagem; e os aspetos da TD mais discutidos são os que concernem aos sistemas de aprendizagem online e tecnologias diversas. Adicionalmente, a liderança tranformacional e outros estilos como a liderança estruturada, a partilhada, a Leader-member exchange e a transformacional criativa foram associadas positivamente ao avanço da TD nas IES nas dimensões de performance referentes ao ensino/aprendizagem, transferência e internacionalização. No segundo estudo, identificou-se que, nas IES brasileiras, os estilos de liderança adaptativo integrativo, cibernético, voltado para o conhecimento, estratégico e transformacional influenciam de forma positiva e significativa a performance, não ocorrendo o mesmo para as IES ibéricas. Para além disso, a autonomia de pessoal revelou ter um efeito moderador positivo e significativo sobre a relação entre os estilos de liderança e a performance das IES brasileiras. Neste estudo também foi identificada uma influência positiva e significativa de determinados tipos de cultura e de autonomia sobre a performance das IES brasileiras e ibéricas. No terceiro e último estudo, constatatou-se que três dimensões da TD influenciam de forma positiva e significativa a performance na investigação, na transferência, na internacionalização e na sustentabilidade das IES brasileiras. Por seu turno, três dimensões da TD influenciam a performance na investigação e na transferência das IES ibéricas. Apesar de não ter sido confirmado o efeito moderador da liderança, este estudo contribui para a literatura de referência, ao revelar que a interação entre os estilos de liderança cibernético e partilhado, e a TD, influenciam de forma positiva e significativa a performance na investigação das IES brasileiras.
Da presente tese decorrem diversas implicações teóricas e de política, para além de proporcionar vários avanços para a melhor compreensão das problemáticas referentes ao desenvolvimento da liderança, da performance e da TD, em contexto de IES. De entre as implicações teóricas desta investigação, destacam-se a importância da compreensão dos estilos de liderança e da transformação digital para um melhor entendimento da performance das IES públicas bem como das suas dimensões, tendo em vista as relações verificadas entre estes construtos; interferência da região, da qual as IES fazem parte, na existência ou não da relação entre a liderança e a performance, o que sugere a presença de outras variáveis moderadoras ou mediadoras nas diferentes regiões; a TD pode ainda surtir níveis de influência mais ou menos abrangentes sobre a performance das IES públicas, de acordo com o grau de desenvolvimento das diferentes dimensões da TD. Acresce ainda que, do conjunto de evidências agora obtidas, sugere-se a possibilidade de existirem outras variáveis moderadoras ou mediadores, por explorar, que influem nesta relação. Relativamente às implicações de política, a presente tese sinaliza aos decisores políticos e gestores responsáveis de IES, a necessidade de considerar não só aspectos de liderança, mas também de cultura e de autonomia institucionais ao planear políticas voltadas para a performance das IES. Também é sinalizado para os decisores a necessidade de considerar as deficiências relativas aos indicadores de TD no planeamento de políticas orientadas para a intensificação da TD e o reforço da performance das IES públicas. Para os gestores responsáveis de IES, este estudo traz como implicações a possibilidade de direcionar os estilos de liderança adotados por estes e de trabalhar a cultura organizacional, considerando também as restrições às diferentes dimensões de autonomia institucional das respetivas IES, de forma a possibilitar a melhoria da performance destas. Os gestores das IES brasileiras também podem direcionar os estilos de liderança cibernético e partilhado no processo de gestão das TIC, no sentido de ser melhorada a performance das atividades de investigação das instituições. Por seu turno, para os gestores das IES ibéricas, uma implicação adicional é a de focar na melhoria da dimensão de tratamento dos dados, tendo consideração que, apesar de carecer de um maior desenvolvimento, já impacta positivamente a performance destas instituições.
No final de cada estudo, são ainda sugeridas linhas de investigação futuras.
The New Public Management has triggered several reforms and changes in State Higher Education. One of them is the increased focus on performance, which makes it of interest to study concepts that may have an impact on this context. Academic leadership has been going through a crisis due to the need to deal with all the issues surrounding Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), and is also considered capable of shaping the performance of HEIs. Another phenomenon that has become inevitable in these institutions has been digital transformation (DT), due to the advance of technologies, the need to learn anywhere and anytime, and, more recently, the Covid-19 pandemic, which has forced HEIs to join and move towards DT. This is also pointed out in the literature as being able to influence the performance of HEIs. It is noteworthy that leadership plays an important role in the adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in these institutions. In this context, it was found that there are still few studies on academic leadership. This situation generates the need to investigate the main leadership styles adopted in state HEIs and how these are related to DT and the different dimensions of HEI performance. Another gap observed was the lack of studies that analyze the influence of DT on these different dimensions of performance. Thus, the generic objective of this thesis is to study the relationships between leadership styles, digital transformation and the performance of state HEIs, by comparing the Brazilian and Iberian contexts. Through a systematic literature review, the application of questionnaires to top managers of HEIs and the elaboration and application of a composite index of digital transformation, the following specific objectives were sought to be answered: identify the main leadership styles addressed in the literature, as well as those most commonly adopted in the studied HEIs; verify how leadership styles impact the adoption of ICT in different dimensions of performance; investigate the role of each leadership style on different dimensions of performance of HEIs; verify the hypothetical moderating role of organizational culture and autonomy in the relationship between leadership styles and the performance of the HEIs; investigate the role of digital transformation on different dimensions of the performance of these HEIs; and test the hypothesis that the leadership styles adopted moderate the relationship between digital transformation and the performance of the studied HEIs. This research met the listed objectives and brought important contributions to the literature and to the managers of state HEIs. In the first study, it was found that the leadership style most addressed in the analyzed articles is the transformational one; the most studied dimension of performance is the one that represents teaching and learning activities; and the most discussed aspects of DT are those concerning online learning systems and various technologies. In addition, transformational leadership and other styles such as structured leadership, shared leadership, Leader-member exchange and creative transformational leadership were positively associated with the advancement of DT in HEIs in the performance dimensions concerning teaching/learning, transfer and internationalization. In the second study, it was identified that, in Brazilian HEIs, the integrative adaptive, cybernetic, knowledge-oriented, strategic and transformational leadership styles positively and significantly influence performance, while the same did not occur for Iberian HEIs. Furthermore, staff autonomy was found to have a positive and significant moderating effect on the relationship between leadership styles and performance in Brazilian HEIs. This study also identified a positive and significant influence of certain types of culture and autonomy on the performance of Brazilian and Iberian HEIs. In the third study, it was found that three dimensions of DT positively and significantly influence the performance in research, transfer, internationalisation and sustainability of Brazilian HEIs. In turn, three dimensions of DT influence the research and transfer performance of Iberian HEIs. Although the moderating effects of leadership was not confirmed, this study brought as a contribution the fact that it is highlighted that the interaction between cybernetic and shared leadership styles and DT, influence in a positive and significant way the research performance of Brazilian HEIs. Theoretical and policy implications are also identified, as well as necessary advances in the development of leadership, performance and DT in these institutions. Among the theoretical implications of this research, we highlight the importance of understanding leadership styles and digital transformation for a better understanding of the performance of public HEIs as well as its dimensions, in view of the relationships verified between these constructs; interference of the region, of which the HEIs are part, in the existence or not of the relationship between leadership and performance, which suggests the presence of other moderating or mediating variables in the different regions; DT can have more or less comprehensive levels of influence on the performance of state HEIs, according to the degree of development of the different dimensions of DT. Additionally, the evidence obtained suggests that there may be other moderating or mediating variables, which influence this relationship. As for the policy implications, the present research signals to decision-makers, the need to consider not only aspects of leadership, but also of institutional culture and autonomy when planning policies aimed at the performance of HEIs. It is also signalled to decision-makers the need to consider the deficiencies regarding DT indicators when planning policies aimed at DT and performance of state HEIs. For HEI managers, this study brings as implications the possibility of directing the leadership styles adopted by them and of working the organizational culture, also considering the restrictions to the different dimensions of institutional autonomy of the respective HEIs, in order to enable the improvement of their performance. The managers of the Brazilian HEIs can also direct the cybernetic and shared leadership styles in the ICT management process to improve their research performance. For managers of Iberian HEIs, an additional implication is that of focusing on the improvement of the data processing dimension, taking into consideration that, despite not being well developed yet, it already positively impacts the performance of these institutions. At the end of each study, future lines of research are suggested.
The New Public Management has triggered several reforms and changes in State Higher Education. One of them is the increased focus on performance, which makes it of interest to study concepts that may have an impact on this context. Academic leadership has been going through a crisis due to the need to deal with all the issues surrounding Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), and is also considered capable of shaping the performance of HEIs. Another phenomenon that has become inevitable in these institutions has been digital transformation (DT), due to the advance of technologies, the need to learn anywhere and anytime, and, more recently, the Covid-19 pandemic, which has forced HEIs to join and move towards DT. This is also pointed out in the literature as being able to influence the performance of HEIs. It is noteworthy that leadership plays an important role in the adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in these institutions. In this context, it was found that there are still few studies on academic leadership. This situation generates the need to investigate the main leadership styles adopted in state HEIs and how these are related to DT and the different dimensions of HEI performance. Another gap observed was the lack of studies that analyze the influence of DT on these different dimensions of performance. Thus, the generic objective of this thesis is to study the relationships between leadership styles, digital transformation and the performance of state HEIs, by comparing the Brazilian and Iberian contexts. Through a systematic literature review, the application of questionnaires to top managers of HEIs and the elaboration and application of a composite index of digital transformation, the following specific objectives were sought to be answered: identify the main leadership styles addressed in the literature, as well as those most commonly adopted in the studied HEIs; verify how leadership styles impact the adoption of ICT in different dimensions of performance; investigate the role of each leadership style on different dimensions of performance of HEIs; verify the hypothetical moderating role of organizational culture and autonomy in the relationship between leadership styles and the performance of the HEIs; investigate the role of digital transformation on different dimensions of the performance of these HEIs; and test the hypothesis that the leadership styles adopted moderate the relationship between digital transformation and the performance of the studied HEIs. This research met the listed objectives and brought important contributions to the literature and to the managers of state HEIs. In the first study, it was found that the leadership style most addressed in the analyzed articles is the transformational one; the most studied dimension of performance is the one that represents teaching and learning activities; and the most discussed aspects of DT are those concerning online learning systems and various technologies. In addition, transformational leadership and other styles such as structured leadership, shared leadership, Leader-member exchange and creative transformational leadership were positively associated with the advancement of DT in HEIs in the performance dimensions concerning teaching/learning, transfer and internationalization. In the second study, it was identified that, in Brazilian HEIs, the integrative adaptive, cybernetic, knowledge-oriented, strategic and transformational leadership styles positively and significantly influence performance, while the same did not occur for Iberian HEIs. Furthermore, staff autonomy was found to have a positive and significant moderating effect on the relationship between leadership styles and performance in Brazilian HEIs. This study also identified a positive and significant influence of certain types of culture and autonomy on the performance of Brazilian and Iberian HEIs. In the third study, it was found that three dimensions of DT positively and significantly influence the performance in research, transfer, internationalisation and sustainability of Brazilian HEIs. In turn, three dimensions of DT influence the research and transfer performance of Iberian HEIs. Although the moderating effects of leadership was not confirmed, this study brought as a contribution the fact that it is highlighted that the interaction between cybernetic and shared leadership styles and DT, influence in a positive and significant way the research performance of Brazilian HEIs. Theoretical and policy implications are also identified, as well as necessary advances in the development of leadership, performance and DT in these institutions. Among the theoretical implications of this research, we highlight the importance of understanding leadership styles and digital transformation for a better understanding of the performance of public HEIs as well as its dimensions, in view of the relationships verified between these constructs; interference of the region, of which the HEIs are part, in the existence or not of the relationship between leadership and performance, which suggests the presence of other moderating or mediating variables in the different regions; DT can have more or less comprehensive levels of influence on the performance of state HEIs, according to the degree of development of the different dimensions of DT. Additionally, the evidence obtained suggests that there may be other moderating or mediating variables, which influence this relationship. As for the policy implications, the present research signals to decision-makers, the need to consider not only aspects of leadership, but also of institutional culture and autonomy when planning policies aimed at the performance of HEIs. It is also signalled to decision-makers the need to consider the deficiencies regarding DT indicators when planning policies aimed at DT and performance of state HEIs. For HEI managers, this study brings as implications the possibility of directing the leadership styles adopted by them and of working the organizational culture, also considering the restrictions to the different dimensions of institutional autonomy of the respective HEIs, in order to enable the improvement of their performance. The managers of the Brazilian HEIs can also direct the cybernetic and shared leadership styles in the ICT management process to improve their research performance. For managers of Iberian HEIs, an additional implication is that of focusing on the improvement of the data processing dimension, taking into consideration that, despite not being well developed yet, it already positively impacts the performance of these institutions. At the end of each study, future lines of research are suggested.
Description
Keywords
Ensino Superior público Estilos de liderança Performance Transformação digital