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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Introdução: O desporto automobilístico, marcado por competições emocionantes e
perigosas, abrange diversas modalidades, como a Fórmula 1, a Indycar, a NASCAR,
WEC, WRC, Rallycross, entre outras. Ao longo da história, este desporto produziu
múltiplos acidentes nas distintas categorias automobilísticas, sendo o mais famoso o de
Ayrton Senna, que resultou na sua morte. As lesões no desporto automobilístico são
bastante frequentes, nomeadamente as lesões agudas e crónicas da coluna vertebral, e
podem causar danos permanentes à coluna vertebral, tais como fraturas vertebrais e
lesões do disco intervertebral.
Objetivo: Determinar as principais lesões da coluna vertebral decorrentes da prática
do desporto automobilístico provocadas em pilotos profissionais e amadores. Ainda
procura perceber como as variáveis do posicionamento adotado pelo piloto, do conforto
de banco, do tipo de impacto e dos métodos preventivos, como o Halo, têm impacto na
lesão.
Métodos: Revisão Sistemática de Literatura recorrendo à base de dados
Pubmed/MEDLINE, limitado a artigos escritos nos idiomas de português e inglês,
publicados no período entre um de janeiro de 1996 e 31 de agosto de 2023, com a
aplicação dos seguintes termos isolados “Motorsport”, “Auto Racing”, “Formula 1”,
“Indycar”, “Rally” e “Drivers” e a seguinte combinação de termos: “Spinal Injuries”
AND (“Motorsport” OR “Auto Racing” OR “Formula 1” OR “Indycar” OR “Rally” OR
“Drivers”) para a pesquisa científica, tendo em consideração os critérios de inclusão e
exclusão, previamente definidos. Os critério de inclusão são: acesso integral ao estudo,
artigos em Português e Inglês, estudos que relacionam os sintomas e as lesões da coluna
vertebral com as condições vividas pelos pilotos profissionais e amadores de
automobilismo, Randomized controlled trials, estudos experimentais sem
randomização, estudos de coorte e casos de controlo, estudos observacionais sem e com
grupos de controlo, como os transversais e série de casos, revisões sistemáticas de
literatura e artigos publicados entre 1996 e 2023. Os critérios de exclusão utilizados são:
artigos noutras línguas além das consideradas nos critérios de inclusão, estudos relativos
a veículos de 2 rodas, tratores e aviões e estudos relacionados com o desporto
automobilístico que não integram lesões e sintomas da coluna vertebral. Resultados: Foi obtida uma amostra total de 416 artigos, dos quais foram eliminados
303 após a análise dos títulos e resumos. Realizou-se a leitura integral de 76 artigos,
tendo sido selecionados sete por cumprirem os critérios de elegibilidade estabelecidos.
Dos estudos incluídos, três foram realizados nos Estados Unidos da América.
Discussão: Os sintomas e as lesões ao nível da coluna vertebral provocadas pelo
desporto automobilístico são frequentes. O sintoma mais prevalente é a cervicalgia e as
lesões mais frequentes são o entorse e distensão cervical e as fraturas vertebrais. A região
da coluna vertebral mais propensa a problemas é a cervical, sendo o nível C7 mais
propensa a fraturas. A evolução dos métodos preventivos tem sido positiva, uma vez que,
ao longo dos anos, houve uma diminuição de fraturas vertebrais. Relativamente às
complicações a longo prazo, a evidência encontrada relata a inexistência de diferenças
nas alterações degenerativas do disco intervertebral entre um grupo de pilotos e um
grupo de homens sem ligação com o desporto. A reduzida amostra de estudos relativos
ao tema é um peso importante para obter conclusões. Uma maior investigação sobre este
tema seria benéfica para obtenção de dados mais atualizados e precisos, levando à
pesquisa de novos métodos preventivos.
Introduction: Motorsport, marked by thrilling and dangerous competitions, encompasses various disciplines such as Formula 1, NASCAR, WEC, WRC, Rallycross, among others. Throughout history, this sport has seen numerous accidents in different categories, with the most famous being Ayrton Senna, which resulted in his death. Injuries in motorsport are quite common, including acute and chronic injuries to the spinal column, which can cause permanent damage such as vertebral fractures and intervertebral disc injuries. Objective: Determine the main spinal column injuries resulting from participation in motorsport among professional and amateur drivers. Additionally, investigate how variables such as driver positioning, seat comfort, type of impact, and preventive measures for example the Halo device, impact the occurrence of these injuries. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE database, limited to articles written in Portuguese and English, published between 1996 and 2023. The following terms were applied individually: "Motorsport," "Auto Racing," "Formula 1," "Indycar," "Rally," and "Drivers." Additionally, the following combination of terms was used: "Spinal Injuries" AND ("Motorsport" OR "Auto Racing" OR "Formula 1" OR "Indycar" OR "Rally" OR "Drivers") for scientific research, considering pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were as follows: full access to the study, articles in Portuguese and English, studies relating symptoms and spinal column injuries to conditions experienced by both professional and amateur motorsport drivers, randomized controlled trials, experimental studies without randomization, cohort studies, case-control studies, observational studies with and without control groups (such as cross-sectional and case series), systematic literature reviews, and articles published between 1996 and 2023. Exclusion criteria included articles in languages other than those specified in the inclusion criteria, studies related to two-wheeled vehicles, tractors, and airplanes, and studies related to motorsport that did not address spinal column injuries and symptoms. Results: A total sample of 416 articles was obtained, of which 303 were eliminated after analysis of titles and abstracts. Full-text reading was conducted on 76 articles, resulting in the selection of seven articles that met the established eligibility criteria. Of the included studies, three were conducted in the United States of America. Discussion: Symptoms and spinal column injuries resulting from participation in motorsport are common. The most prevalent symptom is neck pain , and the most frequent injuries are cervical sprains and strains, as well as vertebral fractures. The cervical region of the spine is most susceptible to issues, with the C7 level being particularly prone to fractures. The evolution of preventive methods has been positive, as evidenced by a decrease in vertebral fractures over the years. Regarding long-term complications, the evidence suggests no differences in degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc between a group of drivers and a group of men unrelated to the sport. The limited number of studies on this topic is a significant constraint for drawing conclusions. Further research on this subject would be beneficial for obtaining more updated and accurate data, leading to the exploration of new preventive methods.
Introduction: Motorsport, marked by thrilling and dangerous competitions, encompasses various disciplines such as Formula 1, NASCAR, WEC, WRC, Rallycross, among others. Throughout history, this sport has seen numerous accidents in different categories, with the most famous being Ayrton Senna, which resulted in his death. Injuries in motorsport are quite common, including acute and chronic injuries to the spinal column, which can cause permanent damage such as vertebral fractures and intervertebral disc injuries. Objective: Determine the main spinal column injuries resulting from participation in motorsport among professional and amateur drivers. Additionally, investigate how variables such as driver positioning, seat comfort, type of impact, and preventive measures for example the Halo device, impact the occurrence of these injuries. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE database, limited to articles written in Portuguese and English, published between 1996 and 2023. The following terms were applied individually: "Motorsport," "Auto Racing," "Formula 1," "Indycar," "Rally," and "Drivers." Additionally, the following combination of terms was used: "Spinal Injuries" AND ("Motorsport" OR "Auto Racing" OR "Formula 1" OR "Indycar" OR "Rally" OR "Drivers") for scientific research, considering pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were as follows: full access to the study, articles in Portuguese and English, studies relating symptoms and spinal column injuries to conditions experienced by both professional and amateur motorsport drivers, randomized controlled trials, experimental studies without randomization, cohort studies, case-control studies, observational studies with and without control groups (such as cross-sectional and case series), systematic literature reviews, and articles published between 1996 and 2023. Exclusion criteria included articles in languages other than those specified in the inclusion criteria, studies related to two-wheeled vehicles, tractors, and airplanes, and studies related to motorsport that did not address spinal column injuries and symptoms. Results: A total sample of 416 articles was obtained, of which 303 were eliminated after analysis of titles and abstracts. Full-text reading was conducted on 76 articles, resulting in the selection of seven articles that met the established eligibility criteria. Of the included studies, three were conducted in the United States of America. Discussion: Symptoms and spinal column injuries resulting from participation in motorsport are common. The most prevalent symptom is neck pain , and the most frequent injuries are cervical sprains and strains, as well as vertebral fractures. The cervical region of the spine is most susceptible to issues, with the C7 level being particularly prone to fractures. The evolution of preventive methods has been positive, as evidenced by a decrease in vertebral fractures over the years. Regarding long-term complications, the evidence suggests no differences in degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc between a group of drivers and a group of men unrelated to the sport. The limited number of studies on this topic is a significant constraint for drawing conclusions. Further research on this subject would be beneficial for obtaining more updated and accurate data, leading to the exploration of new preventive methods.
Description
Keywords
Coluna Vertebral Lesões Automobilísticas Lesões Desportivas Lesões Musculoesqueléticas Raquialgia