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Alicerçada nos ideais reflexivos, cético e críticos inerentes à teoria crítica, o design durante os anos 1956 e 1970, adotou uma postura que fosse capaz de reivindicar a sua autodeterminação cognitiva e liberdade criativa. Estas pretensões foram impulsionadas pelas premissas neo-construtivistas de Bruno Munari que serviram de base para os designers ambicionarem que esta área fosse contemplada como um veículo de modificação social. Desta pretensão, surgem os ideais e o termo “design crítico” cunhado por Anthony Dunne na sua obra Hertzian Tales (2005) em que se verifica a sua vontade de transformar o design num verdadeiro veículo de reflexão social. A evolução inerente ao design crítico, culmina na utilização de especulações sobre o futuro e desta mutação surge o design especulativo. Tendo como base ideológica as reivindicações de conferir ao design um papel muito mais preponderante na esfera social do que aquele que lhe era atribuído, este tipo de design fez espoletar críticas noutras áreas, como é o caso do design associativo como crítica ao design industrial, o design discursivo como tentativa de comunicar através do design e o design fiction como uma área que colocasse em prática as pretensões do design crítico e especulativo sob um fundo de ficção científica. Apesar de aparentarem algumas especificidades, todas estas áreas partem da mesma base ideológica que preza pela utilização do design como um verdadeiro catalisador de reflexão social, em que as suas práticas de prospectivação podem conduzir o público a determinarem o que pretendem do futuro. Partindo sempre do presente desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, a aplicação do exercício crítico e especulativo no design é caracterizado pela materialização de presentes alternativos ou possíveis futuros, como forma de cativar a atenção do público para uma temática que merecesse ser submetida a uma reflexão pública antes de ser disseminada. Recorrendo-se à análise de projetos de design especulativo e de dois episódios da série antológica Black Mirror, o objetivo principal desta dissertação rege-se pela clarificação dos conceitos e práticas inerentes ao design especulativo e pela forma como as suas premissas podem contribuir para dar respostas a problemas que residem no contexto mundano.
Based on the reflective, sceptical and critical ideals inherent in critical theory, design during 1956 and 1970, adopted a stance that was capable of claiming its cognitive self-determination and creative freedom. These pretensions were boosted by the neo-constructivist premises of Bruno Munari that, providing a base for the designers, they could aspire to consider design as a vehicle of social modification. From this pretension, the ideals and the term "critical design", coined by Anthony Dunne in his book Hertzian Tales (2005) emerge, in which there is a desire to transform design into a true vehicle for social reflection. The evolution inherent in critical design culminates in the use of speculations about the future and from this mutation speculative design pops up. Having as an ideological basis the claims of giving design a much more prominent role in the social sphere than that attributed to it, this type of design has triggered criticism in other areas of design, as is the case of associative design as a critique to industrial design, discursive design as an attempt to communicate through design and design fiction as an area that put into practice the pretensions of critical and speculative design under a background of science fiction. Despite appearing to be specific, all these areas start from the same ideological base that values the use of design as a true catalyst for social reflection, in which its foresight practices can lead the public to determine what they want in the future. Always starting from the present scientific and technological development, the application of the critical and speculative exercise in design is characterized by the materialization of alternative or possible future, as a way of capturing public attention to a theme that deserves to be submitted to public reflection before disseminated. Drawing on the analysis of speculative design projects and two episodes of the Black Mirror anthology series, the main objective of this dissertation is to clarify the concepts and practices essential in speculative design and the way in which its premises can contribute to give answers to problems that reside in the mundane context.
Based on the reflective, sceptical and critical ideals inherent in critical theory, design during 1956 and 1970, adopted a stance that was capable of claiming its cognitive self-determination and creative freedom. These pretensions were boosted by the neo-constructivist premises of Bruno Munari that, providing a base for the designers, they could aspire to consider design as a vehicle of social modification. From this pretension, the ideals and the term "critical design", coined by Anthony Dunne in his book Hertzian Tales (2005) emerge, in which there is a desire to transform design into a true vehicle for social reflection. The evolution inherent in critical design culminates in the use of speculations about the future and from this mutation speculative design pops up. Having as an ideological basis the claims of giving design a much more prominent role in the social sphere than that attributed to it, this type of design has triggered criticism in other areas of design, as is the case of associative design as a critique to industrial design, discursive design as an attempt to communicate through design and design fiction as an area that put into practice the pretensions of critical and speculative design under a background of science fiction. Despite appearing to be specific, all these areas start from the same ideological base that values the use of design as a true catalyst for social reflection, in which its foresight practices can lead the public to determine what they want in the future. Always starting from the present scientific and technological development, the application of the critical and speculative exercise in design is characterized by the materialization of alternative or possible future, as a way of capturing public attention to a theme that deserves to be submitted to public reflection before disseminated. Drawing on the analysis of speculative design projects and two episodes of the Black Mirror anthology series, the main objective of this dissertation is to clarify the concepts and practices essential in speculative design and the way in which its premises can contribute to give answers to problems that reside in the mundane context.
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Keywords
Design Design especulativo Design crítico Design como catalisador Black Mirror