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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Introdução: A Psiquiatria é uma especialidade cada vez mais importante na
atualidade, com uma crescente incidência e prevalência das perturbações psiquiátricas
na população mundial. É proposto que estas perturbações sejam despoletadas por um
conjunto de fatores, nomeadamente fatores biológicos, psicológicos e sociais, como
sugerido pelo Modelo Biopsicossocial. No entanto, a patofisiologia de todas elas ainda
não é conhecida na totalidade, uma vez que vários circuitos cerebrais podem estar
afetados. Assim, é aqui abordado em específico os Gânglios da Base, e como a disfunção
destes pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento das perturbações psiquiátricas, em
especial a Esquizofrenia e outras doenças deste espectro.
Objetivos: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a revisão de vários artigos para que se
consiga perceber a constituição e funções dos Gânglios da Base, assim como as
consequências que a disfunção destes pode ter nas perturbações psiquiátricas.
Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura científica com recurso à base de
dados eletrónica Pubmed e aos repositórios Scielo e Psychiatry Online, assim como a
livros científicos de referência médica, revistas e jornais científicos, compreendidos
entre 2001 e 2021. Para isso, utilizaram-se as palavras chave “basal ganglia”, “circuit”,
“psychiatric disorders”, “schizophrenia” e “schizophrenia spectrum”.
Resultados: A análise dos artigos permitiu verificar que existiam várias alterações nos
Gânglios da Base, com maior enfoque na Esquizofrenia e perturbações deste espectro,
sendo estas dependentes dos estágios da doença, da toma de neurolépticos e dos
antecedentes familiares.
Discussão: Após a análise dos artigos escolhidos, verificou-se uma associação entre
várias alterações nos Gânglios da Base e inúmeros dos sintomas demonstrados em
perturbações psiquiátricas, com especial relevância na Esquizofrenia e perturbações
com ela relacionadas. Verificou-se, no geral, uma diminuição dos Gânglios da Base nos
indivíduos não tratados, aumento dos mesmos em indivíduos tratados, alterações
dopaminérgicas que se correlacionavam com psicose, e alterações intermédias em
familiares destes indivíduos.
Conclusão: Tendo em conta as funções dos Gânglios da Base, e após a análise dos
resultados que os vários estudos apresentaram, foi possível fazer uma correlação entre estes e vários dos sintomas exibidos pelas diferentes perturbações psiquiátricas. É
possível assim afirmar que os Gânglios da Base são estruturas de grande importância
na patofisiologia desencadeante das perturbações psiquiátricas em geral e ainda que,
dependendo da estrutura afetada, diferentes sintomas são exibidos. No entanto, apesar
dos resultados positivos apresentados, são ainda necessários mais estudos futuros para
que se possa aprofundar e ter um conhecimento ainda mais fundamentado acerca da
patofisiologia das várias perturbações psiquiátricas.
Background: Psychiatry is a specialty of growing importance in current times, with a rising incidence and prevalence of the psychiatric disorders among the world’s population. It is proposed that these disorders may be triggered by a set of factors, in particular biological, psychological and social factors, as suggested by the Biopsychosocial Model. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of them all is still not totally known since several cerebral circuits may be affected. Thus, it is here addressed the Basal Ganglia in specific and how their dysfunction may contribute to the development of the psychiatric disorders, in particular Schizophrenia and disorders of this spectrum. Objectives: This essay has, as its objective, reviewing many articles so that we may understand the constitution and functions of the Basal Ganglia, as well as the consequences their dysfunction may have on the psychiatric disorders. Methods: A revision of scientific literature was made resorting to the electronic databases Pubmed, Scielo and Psychiatry Online, as well as medical scientific books, scientific magazines and journals, between 2001 and 2021. For that, the keywords used were “basal ganglia”, “circuit”, “psychiatric disorders”, “schizophrenia” e “schizophrenia spectrum”. Results: The articles’ analysis allowed for the confirmation that many changes in the Basal Ganglia were present, specifically in Schizophrenia and disorders of this spectrum, these being dependent on disease stage, the usage of neuroleptics and their family history. Discussion: After analysis of the chosen articles, it was confirmed an association between several changes in the Basal Ganglia and innumerous symptoms demonstrated in psychiatric disorders, particularly in Schizophrenia and related disorders. It was verified, in general, a reduction of the Basal Ganglia in unmedicated subjects, an enlargement in medicated subjects, dopaminergic changes that correlate with psychosis, and intermediate changes in these individuals’ relatives. Conclusion: Considering the Basal Ganglia’s funtions, and after analysing the results presented in the articles, it was possible to establish a correlation between these structures and many of the symptoms exhibited by the different psychiatric disorders. It is thus possible to affirm that Basal Ganglia are structures of great importance in the pathophysiology that triggers psychiatric disorders in general, and that, depending on the affected structure, different symptoms may be presented. Nevertheless, even with the positive results presented, future studies are still necessary for a better and deeper understanding about the pathophysiology of the several psychiatric disorders.
Background: Psychiatry is a specialty of growing importance in current times, with a rising incidence and prevalence of the psychiatric disorders among the world’s population. It is proposed that these disorders may be triggered by a set of factors, in particular biological, psychological and social factors, as suggested by the Biopsychosocial Model. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of them all is still not totally known since several cerebral circuits may be affected. Thus, it is here addressed the Basal Ganglia in specific and how their dysfunction may contribute to the development of the psychiatric disorders, in particular Schizophrenia and disorders of this spectrum. Objectives: This essay has, as its objective, reviewing many articles so that we may understand the constitution and functions of the Basal Ganglia, as well as the consequences their dysfunction may have on the psychiatric disorders. Methods: A revision of scientific literature was made resorting to the electronic databases Pubmed, Scielo and Psychiatry Online, as well as medical scientific books, scientific magazines and journals, between 2001 and 2021. For that, the keywords used were “basal ganglia”, “circuit”, “psychiatric disorders”, “schizophrenia” e “schizophrenia spectrum”. Results: The articles’ analysis allowed for the confirmation that many changes in the Basal Ganglia were present, specifically in Schizophrenia and disorders of this spectrum, these being dependent on disease stage, the usage of neuroleptics and their family history. Discussion: After analysis of the chosen articles, it was confirmed an association between several changes in the Basal Ganglia and innumerous symptoms demonstrated in psychiatric disorders, particularly in Schizophrenia and related disorders. It was verified, in general, a reduction of the Basal Ganglia in unmedicated subjects, an enlargement in medicated subjects, dopaminergic changes that correlate with psychosis, and intermediate changes in these individuals’ relatives. Conclusion: Considering the Basal Ganglia’s funtions, and after analysing the results presented in the articles, it was possible to establish a correlation between these structures and many of the symptoms exhibited by the different psychiatric disorders. It is thus possible to affirm that Basal Ganglia are structures of great importance in the pathophysiology that triggers psychiatric disorders in general, and that, depending on the affected structure, different symptoms may be presented. Nevertheless, even with the positive results presented, future studies are still necessary for a better and deeper understanding about the pathophysiology of the several psychiatric disorders.
Description
Keywords
Espectro da Esquizofrenia Esquizofrenia Gânglios da Base Perturbações Psiquiátricas Psiquiatria